Subversion Repositories planix.SVN

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more

perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic

Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the

general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to

ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this

Constitution for the United States of America.

Article I.

Section 1.  All legislative Powers herein granted shall be

vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall

consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

Section 2.  The House of Representatives shall be composed of

Members chosen every second Year by the People of the

several States, and the Electors in each State shall have

the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most

numerous Branch of the State Legislature.

No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have

attained to the Age of twenty-five Years, and been seven

Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not,

when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he

shall be chosen.

[Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among

the several States which may be included within this Union,

according to their respective Numbers, which shall be

determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons,

including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and

excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other

Persons.] The actual Enumeration shall be made within three

Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United

States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in

such Manner as they shall by Law direct.  The Number of

Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty

Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one

Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made,

the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three,

Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations

one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four,

Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia

ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia

three.

When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State,

the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of

Election to fill such Vacancies.

The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and

other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of

Impeachment.

Section 3.  The Senate of the United States shall be composed

of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature

thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one

Vote.

Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of

the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may

be into three Classes.  The Seats of the Senators of the

first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second

Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth

Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth

Year, so that one-third may be chosen every second Year; and

if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the

Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive

thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next

Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such

Vacancies.

No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to

the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of

the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an

Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.

The Vice President of the United States shall be President

of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be

equally divided.

The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a

President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President,

or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the

United States.

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all

Impeachments.  When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be

on Oath or Affirmation.  When the President of the United

States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside:  And no

Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two

thirds of the Members present.

Judgement in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further

than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold

and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the

United States:  but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be

liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and

Punishment, according to Law.

Section 4.  The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections

for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in

each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may

at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as

to the Place of Chusing Senators.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and

such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December,

unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.

Section 5.  Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections,

Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a

Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business;

but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be

authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in

such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may

provide.

Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings,

punish it Members for disorderly Behavior, and, with the

Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.

Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from

time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may

in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of

the Members of either House on any question shall, at the

Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the

Journal.

Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall,

without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than

three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the

two Houses shall be sitting.

Section 6.  The Senators and Representatives shall receive a

Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law,

and paid out of the Treasury of the United States.  They

shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the

Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at

the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and

returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in

either House, they shall not be Questioned in any other

Place.

No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for

which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under

the Authority of the United States, which shall have been

created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased

during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the

United States, shall be a Member of either House during his

Continuance in Office.

Section 7.  All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in

the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or

concur with Amendments as on other Bills.

Every Bill which shall have passed the House of

Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a

Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If

he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it,

with his Objections to that House in which it shall have

originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their

Journal, and proceed to reconsider it.  If after such

Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass

the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to

the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered,

and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become

a Law.  But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall

be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons

voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the

Journal of each House respectively.  If any Bill shall not be

returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted)

after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be

a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the

Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which

Case it shall not be a Law.

Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of

the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary

(except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to

the President of the United States; and before the Same

shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being

disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the

Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules

and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.

Section 8.  The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect

Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debt and

provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the

United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be

uniform throughout the United States;

To borrow money on the credit of the United States;

To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the

several States, and with the Indian Tribes;

To establish an uniform rule of Naturalization, and uniform

Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United

States;

To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign

Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;

To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the

Securities and current Coin of the United States;

To establish Post Offices and post Roads;

To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by

securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the

exclusive Right to their respective Writings and

Discoveries;

To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;

To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the

high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations;

To declare War, grand Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and to

make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;

To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money

to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;

To provide and maintain a Navy;

To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land

and naval Forces;

To provide for calling for the Militia to execute the

Laws of the Union; suppress Insurrections and repel

Invasions;

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the

Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be

employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to

the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers,

and the Authority of training the Militia according to the

discipline prescribed by Congress;

To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever,

over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may,

by Cession of particular States, and the acceptance of

Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United

States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places

purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in

which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts,

Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful

Building;--And

To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for

carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other

Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the

United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.

Section 9.  The Migration or Importation of such Persons as

any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit,

shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year

one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may

be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars

for each Person.

The privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be

suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the

public Safety may require it.

No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.

No capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in

Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before

directed to be taken.

No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any

State.

No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce

or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another:

nor shall Vessels bound to, or from one State, be obliged to

enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.

No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in

Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular

Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of

all public Money shall be published from time to time.

No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States:

And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under

them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of

any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind

whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.

Section 10.  No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance,

or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin

Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and

silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of

Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the

Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.

No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any

Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be

absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws:

and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any

State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the

Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be

subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.

No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any

duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of

Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another

State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless

actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not

admit of delay.

Article II.

Section 1.  The executive Power shall be vested in a

President of the United States of America.  He shall hold his

Office during the term of four Years, and, together with the

Vice-President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as

follows.

Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature

thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole

Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State

may be entitled in the Congress:  but no Senator or

Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or

Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an

Elector.

[The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote

by Ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be

an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves.  And they

shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the

Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and

certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government

of the United States, directed to the President of the

Senate.  The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence

of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the

Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted.  The

Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the

President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number

of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who

have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then

the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by

Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a

Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said

House shall in like Manner chuse the President.  But in

chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States,

the representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum

for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from

two-thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States

shall be necessary to a Choice.  In every Case, after the

Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest

Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President.

But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes,

the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the

Vice-President.]

The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors,

and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day

shall be the same throughout the United States.

No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the

United States, at the time of Adoption of this Constitution,

shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall

any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have

attained to the Age of thirty-five Years, and been fourteen

Years a Resident within the United States.

In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of

his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers

and Duties of the said Office, the same shall devolve on the

Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the

Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of

the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer

shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act

accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President

shall be elected.

The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his

Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased

nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have

been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period

any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.

Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall

take the following Oath or Affirmation:--``I do solemnly

swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office

of President of the United States, and will to the best of

my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of

the United States.''

Section 2.  The President shall be Commander in Chief of the

Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of

the several States, when called into the actual Service of

the United States; he may require the Opinion in writing, of

the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments,

upon any subject relating to the Duties of their respective

Offices, and he shall have Power to Grant Reprives and

Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in

Cases of Impeachment.

He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of

the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two-thirds of the

Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and

with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint

Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of

the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United

States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided

for, and which shall be established by Law:  but the Congress

may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers,

as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts

of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.

The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that

may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting

Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next

Session.

Section 3.  He shall from time to time give to the Congress

Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to

their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge

necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions,

convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of

Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of

Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall

think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public

Ministers he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully

executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the

United States.

Section 4.  The President, Vice President and all civil

Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office

on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or

other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.

Article III.

Section 1.  The judicial Power of the United States, shall be

vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as

the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.

The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall

hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at

stated Times, receive for their Services a Compensation

which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in

Office.

Section 2.  The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in

Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of

the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made

under their Authority;--to all Cases affecting Ambassadors,

other public Ministers and Consuls;--to all Cases of

admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;--to Controversies to

which the United States shall be a Party;--to Controversies

between two or more States;--between a State and Citizens of

another State;--between Citizens of different

States;--between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands

under Grants of different States, and between a State, or

the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or

Subjects.

In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers

and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the

supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction.  In all the

other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have

appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such

Exceptions, and Under such Regulations as the Congress shall

make.

The trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment,

shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State

where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when

not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such

Place and Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.

Section 3.  Treason against the United States, shall consist

only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their

Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort.  No Person shall be

convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two

Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in Open

Court.

The Congress shall have power to declare the Punishment of

Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption

of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person

attained.

Article IV.

Section 1.  Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each

State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings

of every other State.  And the Congress may by general Laws

prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, records and

Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.

Section 2.  The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to

all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several

States.

A person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other

Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another

State, shall on demand of the executive Authority of the

State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to

the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.

No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the

Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence

of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such

Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the

Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.

Section 3.  New States may be admitted by the Congress into

this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected

within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be

formed by the Junction of two or more States, or parts of

States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the

States concerned as well as of the Congress.

The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all

needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or

other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing

in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice

any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.

Section 4.  The United States shall guarantee to every State

in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall

protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of

the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature

cannot be convened) against domestic Violence.

Article V.

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem

it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution,

or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of

the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing

Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all

Intents and Purposes, as part of this Constitution, when

ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several

States, or by Conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the

one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the

Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior

to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in

any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth

Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its

Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the

Senate.

Article VI.

All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before

the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against

the United States under this Constitution, as under the

Confederation.

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which

shall be made in Persuance thereof; and all Treaties made,

or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United

States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges

in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the

Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary

notwithstanding.

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the

Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive

and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the

several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to

support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever

be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust

under the United States.

Article VII.

The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall be

sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution

between the States so ratifying the Same.

Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States

present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our

Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the

Independence of the United States of America the Twelth.  In

witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names.

						Go WASHINGTON

			     Presidt and deputy from Virginia

	New Hampshire.			Delaware.

John Langdan			Geo: Read

Nicholas Gilman			John Dickinson

				Jaco: Broom

				Gunning Bedford jun

	Massachusetts.		Richard Bassett

Nathaniel Gorham

Rufus King				Maryland.

				James McHenry

	Connecticut.		Danl Carroll

				Dan: of St Thos Jenifer

Wm Saml Johnson

Roger Sherman

					Virginia.

	New York.		John Blair--

				James Madison Jr.

Alexander Hamilton

					North Carolina.

	New Jersey.

				Wm Blount

Wil: Livingston			Hu Williamson

David Brearley.			Richd Dobbs Spaight.

Wm Patterson

Jona: Dayton

					South Carolina.

	Pennsylvania.		J. Rutledge

				Charles Pinckney

B. Franklin			Charles Cotesworth Pinckney

Robt. Morris			Pierce Butler

Thos. Fitzsimons

James Wilson

Thomas Mifflin				Georgia.

Geo. Clymer

Jared Ingersoll			William Few

Gouv Morris			Abr Baldwin

				Attest:

				    WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary.

Articles in Addition To, and Amendment Of, the Constitution

of the United States of America, Proposed by Congress, and

Ratified by the Legislatures of the Several States, Pursuant

to the Fifth Article of the Original Constitution.

Article I.

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of

religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or

abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the

right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition

the Government for a redress of grievances.

Article II.

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of

a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms,

shall not be infringed.

Article III.

No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any

house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war,

but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Article IV.

The right of the people to be secure in their persons,

houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches

and seizures, shall not be violated and no Warrants shall

issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or

affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be

searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Article V.

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or

otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or

indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the

land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual

service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any

person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in

jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any

criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be

deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process

of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use,

without just compensation.

Article VI.

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the

right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of

the State and district wherein the crime shall have been

committed, which district shall have been previously

ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and

cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses

against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining

witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of

Counsel for his defense.

Article VII.

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall

exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be

preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise

reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according

to the rules of the common law.

Article VIII.

Excessive bail shall not be required, or excessive fines

imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Article IX.

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights,

shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained

by the people.

Article X.

The powers not delegated to the United States by the

Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are

reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

Article XI.

The Judicial power of the United States shall not be

construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced

or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens

of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign

State.

Article XII.

The Electors shall meet in their respective sates and vote

by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at

least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with

themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person

voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person

voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct

lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all

persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of

votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and

transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United

States, directed to the President of the Senate;--The

President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and

House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the

votes shall then be counted;--The person having the greatest

number of votes for President, shall be the President, if

such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors

appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from

the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three

on the list of those voted for as President, the House of

Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the

President.  But in choosing the President, the votes shall be

taken by states, the representation from each state having

one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a

member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a

majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice.

And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a

President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon

them, before the fourth day of March next following, then

the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of

the death or other constitutional disability of the

President.--The person having the greatest number of votes

as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such

number be a majority of the whole number of Electors

appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the

two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the

Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of

two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority

of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice.  But no

person constitutionally ineligible to the office of

President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the

United States.

Article XIII.

Section 1.  Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except

as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been

duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any

place subject to their jurisdiction.

Section 2.  Congress shall have power to enforce this article

by appropriate legislation.

Article XIV.

Section 1.  All persons born or naturalized in the United

States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens

of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.

No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge

the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United

States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life,

liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny

to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection

of the laws.

Section 2.  Representatives shall be apportioned among the

several States according to their respective numbers,

counting the whole number of persons in each State,

excluding Indians not taxed.  But when the right to vote at

any election for the choice of electors for President and

Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in

Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or

the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of

the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years

of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any

abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other

crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced

in the proportion which the number of such male citizens

shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one

years of age in such State.

Section 3.  No person shall be a Senator or Representative in

Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or

hold any office, civil or military, under the United States,

or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as

a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States,

or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive

or judicial officer of any State, to support the

Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in

insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or

comfort to the enemies thereof.  But Congress may by a vote

of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

Section 4.  The validity of the public debt of the United

States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for

payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing

insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned.  But

neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay

any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or

rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the

loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts,

obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

Section 5.  The Congress shall have power to enforce, by

appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

Article XV.

Section 1.  The right of citizens of the United States to

vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or

by any State on account of race, color, or previous

condition of servitude--

Section 2.  The Congress shall have power to enforce this

article by appropriate legislation.

Article XVI.

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on

incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment

among the several States, and without regard to any census

or enumeration.

Article XVII.

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two

Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for

six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.  The

electors in each State shall have the qualifications

requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the

State legislatures.

When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in

the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall

issue writs of election to fill such vacancies:  Provided,

That the legislature of any State may empower the executive

thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill

the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.

This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the

election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes

valid as part of the Constitution.

Article XVIII.

Section 1.  After one year from the ratification of this

article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of

intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into,

or the exportation thereof from the United States and all

territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage

purposes is hereby prohibited.

Section 2.  The Congress and the several States shall have

concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate

legislation.

Section 3.  This article shall be inoperative unless it shall

have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by

the legislature of the several States, as provided in the

Constitution, within seven years from the date of the

submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

Article XIX.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not

be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State

on account of sex.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by

appropriate legislation.

Article XX.

Section 1.  The terms of the President and Vice President

shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms

of Senators and representatives at noon on the 3d day of

January, of the years in which such terms would have ended

if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of

their successors shall then begin.

Section 2.  The congress shall assemble at least once in

every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d

day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different

day.

Section 3.  If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the

term of the President, the President elect shall have died,

the Vice President elect shall become President.  If a

President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed

for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect

shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect

shall act as President until a President shall have

qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case

wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect

shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as

President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be

selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a

President or Vice President shall have qualified.

Section 4.  The Congress may by law provide for the case of

the death of any of the persons from whom the House of

Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of

choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of

the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may

choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall

have devolved upon them.

Section 5.  Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th

day of October following the ratification of this article.

Section 6.  This article shall be inoperative unless it shall

have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by

the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States

within seven years from the date of its submission.

Article XXI.

Section 1.  The eighteenth article of amendment to the

Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.

Section 2 The transportation or importation into any State,

Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery

or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the

laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.

Section 3.  This article shall be inoperative unless it shall

have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by

conventions in the several States, as provided in the

Constitution, within seven years from the date of the

submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

Article XXII.

Section 1.  No person shall be elected to the office of the

President more than twice, and no person who has held the

office of President, or acted as President, for more than

two years of a term to which some other person was elected

President shall be elected to the office of the President

more than once.  But this Article shall not apply to any

person holding the office of President when this Article was

proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person

who may be holding the office of President, or acting as

President, during the term within which this Article become

operative from holding the office of President or acting as

President during the remainder of such term.

Section 2.  This article shall be inoperative unless it shall

have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by

the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States

within seven years from the date of its submission to the

States by the Congress.

Article XXIII.

Section I.  The District constituting the seat of Government

of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the

Congress may direct:

A number of electors of President and Vice President equal

to the whole number of Senators and Representative in

Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were

a State, but in no event more than the least populous

State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the

States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of

the election of President and Vice President, to be electors

appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District

and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article

of amendment.

Section 2.  The Congress shall have power to enforce this

article by appropriate legislation.

Article XXIV.

Section 1.  The right of citizens of the United States to

vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice

President, for electors for President or Vice President, or

for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be

denied or abridged by the United States or any State by

reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.

Section 2.  The Congress shall have power to enforce this