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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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<html>
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<head>
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<title>How to use Ghostscript</title>
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<!-- $Id: Use.htm,v 1.136 2005/10/20 19:46:23 ray Exp $ -->
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<!-- Originally: use.txt -->
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="gs.css" title="Ghostscript Style">
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</head>
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<body>
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<!-- [1.0 begin visible header] ============================================ -->
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<!-- [1.1 begin headline] ================================================== -->
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16 
<h1>How to use Ghostscript</h1>
17 
 
18 
<!-- [1.1 end headline] ==================================================== -->
19 
 
20 
<!-- [1.2 begin table of contents] ========================================= -->
21 
 
22 
<h2>Table of contents</h2>
23 
 
24 
<blockquote><ul>
25 
<li><a href="#Invoking">Invoking Ghostscript</a>
26 
<ul>
27 
<li><a href="#Help_command">Help at the command line: <b><tt>gs -h</tt></b></a>
28 
</ul>
29 
<li><a href="#Output_device">Selecting an output device</a>
30 
<ul>
31 
<li><a href="#Output_resolution">Output resolution</a>
32 
<li><a href="#File_output">Output to files</a>
33 
<ul>
34 
<li><a href="#One_page_per_file">One page per file</a>
35 
</ul>
36 
<li><a href="#Paper_size">Choosing paper size</a>
37 
<li><a href="#Change_default_size">Changing the installed default paper size</a>
38 
</ul>
39 
<li><a href="#Pipes">Interacting with pipes</a>
40 
<li><a href="#PDF">Using Ghostscript with PDF files</a>
41 
<ul>
42 
<li><a href="#PDF_switches">Switches for PDF files</a>
43 
<li><a href="#PDF_problems">Problems interpreting a PDF file</a>
44 
<li><a href="#PDF_stdin">PDF files from standard input</a>
45 
</ul>
46 
 
47 
<li><a href="#EPS">Using Ghostscript with EPS files</a>
48 
<li><a href="#SPOT">Using Ghostscript with overprinting and spot colors</a>
49 
<li><a href="#Finding_files">How Ghostscript finds files</a>
50 
<ul>
51 
<li><a href="#PS_resources">Finding PostScript Level 2 resources</a>
52 
<li><a href="#Font_lookup">Font lookup</a>
53 
<li><a href="#CIDFonts">CID fonts</a>
54 
<li><a href="#CIDFontSubstitution">CID font substitution</a>
55 
<li><a href="#Temp_files">Temporary files</a>
56 
</ul>
57 
 
58 
<li><a href="#Platforms">Notes on specific platforms</a>
59 
<ul>
60 
<li><a href="#Unix">Unix</a>
61 
<li><a href="#VMS">VMS</a>
62 
<ul>
63 
<li><a href="#VMS_X_Windows">Using X Windows on VMS</a>
64 
</ul>
65 
<li><a href="#MS_Windows">MS Windows</a>
66 
<li><a href="#X_Windows">X Windows</a>
67 
<ul>
68 
<li><a href="#X_resources">X resources</a>
69 
<li><a href="#X_server_bugs">Working around bugs in X servers</a>
70 
<li><a href="#X_fonts">X fonts</a>
71 
<li><a href="#GS_fonts_as_X_fonts">Using Ghostscript fonts on X displays</a>
72 
<li><a href="#X_device_parameters">X device parameters</a>
73 
</ul>
74 
<li><a href="#SCO_Unix">SCO Unix</a>
75 
</ul>
76 
 
77 
<li><a href="#Options">Command line options</a>
78 
<ul>
79 
<li><a href="#General_switches">General switches</a>
80 
<ul>
81 
<li><a href="#Input_control">Input control</a>
82 
<li><a href="#File_searching">File searching</a>
83 
<li><a href="#Parameters">Setting parameters</a>
84 
<li><a href="#Quiet">Suppress messages</a>
85 
</ul>
86 
<li><a href="#Parameter_switches">Parameter switches (<b><tt>-d</tt></b> and <b><tt>-s</tt></b>)</a>
87 
<ul>
88 
<li><a href="#Rendering_parameters">Rendering parameters</a>
89 
<li><a href="#Page_parameters">Page parameters</a>
90 
<li><a href="#Font_related_parameters">Font-related parameters</a>
91 
<li><a href="#Resource_related_parameters">Resource-related parameters</a>
92 
<li><a href="#Interaction_related_parameters">Interaction-related parameters</a>
93 
<li><a href="#Output_selection_parameters">Device and output selection parameters</a>
94 
<li><a href="#EPS_parameters">EPS parameters</a>
95 
<li><a href="#Other_parameters">Other parameters</a>
96 
</ul>
97 
</ul>
98 
<li><a href="#Improving_performance">Improving performance</a>
99 
<li><a href="#Environment_variables">Summary of environment variables</a>
100 
 
101 
<li><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>
102 
<ul>
103 
<li><a href="#Debug_switches">Debug Switches</a>
104 
<li><a href="#Visual_trace">Visual Trace</a>
105 
</ul>
106 
<li><a href="#Known_paper_sizes">Appendix: Paper sizes known to Ghostscript</a>
107 
<li><a href="#X_font_mappings">Appendix: X default font mappings</a>
108 
<ul>
109 
<li><a href="#Standard_X_server_fonts">Standard X servers</a>
110 
<ul>
111 
<li><a href="#X_regular_fonts">Regular fonts</a>
112 
<li><a href="#X_symbol_fonts">Symbol fonts</a>
113 
<li><a href="#X_dingbat_fonts">Dingbat fonts</a>
114 
</ul>
115 
<li><a href="#OpenWindows_fonts">Sun OpenWindows</a>
116 
</ul>
117 
<li><a href="#FAPI_run">Appendix: Running Ghostscript with 3d party font renderers</a>
118 
</ul></blockquote>
119 
 
120 
<!-- [1.2 end table of contents] =========================================== -->
121 
 
122 
<!-- [1.3 begin hint] ====================================================== -->
123 
 
124 
<p>For other information, see the <a href="Readme.htm">Ghostscript
125 
overview</a> and, if necessary, how to
126 
<a href="Install.htm">install Ghostscript</a>.
127 
 
128 
<!-- [1.3 end hint] ======================================================== -->
129 
 
130 
<hr>
131 
 
132 
<!-- [1.0 end visible header] ============================================== -->
133 
 
134 
<!-- [2.0 begin contents] ================================================== -->
135 
 
136 
<h2><a name="Invoking"></a>Invoking Ghostscript</h2>
137 
 
138 
<p>This document describes how to use the command line Ghostscript client.
139 
Ghostscript is also used as a general engine inside other applications (for viewing files for example).
140 
Please refer to the documentation for those applications for using Ghostscript in other contexts.
141 
 
142 
<p><a name="Command_line"></a> The command line to invoke Ghostscript is
143 
essentially the same on all systems, although the name of the executable
144 
program itself may differ among systems.  For instance, to invoke
145 
Ghostscript on unix-like systems type:
146 
 
147 
<blockquote>
148 
        <pre><b><tt>gs</tt></b> [options] {filename 1} ... [options] {filename <em>N</em>} ...
149 
</pre></blockquote>
150 
 
151 
<p>Here are some basic examples. The details of how these work are described below.
152 
 
153 
<p>To view a file:
154 
<blockquote><pre>gs -dSAFER -dBATCH document.pdf</pre></blockquote>
155 
You'll be prompted to press <em>return</em> between pages.
156 
 
157 
<p>To convert a figure to an image file:
158 
<blockquote><pre>gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=png16m -dGraphicsAlphaBits=4 \
159 
    -sOutputFile=tiger.png tiger.eps</pre></blockquote>
160 
 
161 
<p>To render the same image at 300 dpi:
162 
<blockquote><pre>gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=png16m -r300 \
163 
                -sOutputFile=tiger_300.png tiger.eps
164 
</pre></blockquote>
165 
 
166 
<p>To render a figure in grayscale:
167 
<blockquote><pre>gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=pnggray -sOutputFile=figure.png figure.pdf
168 
</pre></blockquote>
169 
 
170 
<p>To rasterize a whole document:
171 
<blockquote><pre>gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=pgmraw -r150 \
172 
                -dTextAlphaBits=4 -sOutputFile='paper-%00d.pgm' paper.ps</pre></blockquote>
173 
 
174 
<p>There are also a number of utility scripts for common
175 
 
176 
to convert a PostScript document to PDF:
177 
<blockquote><pre>ps2pdf file.ps</pre></blockquote>
178 
The output is saved as file.pdf.
179 
 
180 
<p>There are other utility scripts besides <tt>ps2pdf</tt>, including <tt>pdf2ps</tt>, <tt>ps2epsi</tt>, <tt>pdf2dsc</tt>, <tt>ps2ascii</tt>,
181 
<tt>ps2ps</tt> and <tt>ps2ps2</tt>. These just call Ghostscript with the appropriate
182 
(if complicated) set of options. You can use the 'ps2' set with eps files.
183 
 
184 
<p>
185 
Ghostscript is capable of interpreting PostScript, encapsulated PostScript
186 
(EPS), DOS EPS (EPSF), and Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF).  The interpreter reads and executes the files in sequence, using the method described under "<a href="#File_searching">File searching</a>" to find them.
187 
 
188 
<p>The interpreter runs in interactive mode by default. After processing the files given on the command line (if any) it reads further lines of PostScript language commands from the primary input stream, normally the keyboard, interpreting each line separately. To quit the interpreter, type "<b><tt>quit</tt></b>". The <tt>-dBATCH -dNOPAUSE</tt> options in the examples above disable the interactive prompting. The interpreter also quits gracefully if it encounters end-of-file or control-C.
189 
 
190 
<p>
191 
The interpreter recognizes many options. An option may appear anywhere in the command line, and applies to all files named after it on the line. Many of them include "<b><tt>=</tt></b>"
192 
followed by a parameter. The most important are described in detail here. Please see the reference
193 
 sections on <a href="#Options">options</a> and <a href="Devices.htm">devices</a> for a more complete listing.
194 
 
195 
<h3><a name="Help_command"></a>Help at the command line: <b><tt>gs -h</tt></b></h3>
196 
 
197 
<p>
198 
You can get a brief help message by invoking Ghostscript with the
199 
<b><tt>-h</tt></b> or <b><tt>-?</tt></b> switch, like this:
200 
 
201 
<blockquote><pre>
202 
gs -h
203 
gs -?
204 
</pre></blockquote>
205 
 
206 
<p>
207 
The message shows for that version of the Ghostscript executable:
208 
 
209 
<ul>
210 
<li>the version and release information
211 
<li>the general format of the command line
212 
<li>a few of the most useful options
213 
<li>the formats it can interpret
214 
<li>the available output devices
215 
<li>the search path
216 
<li>the bug report address
217 
</ul>
218 
 
219 
<p>
220 
On other systems the executable may have a different name:
221 
 
222 
<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
223 
<tr bgcolor="#CCCC00">
224 
        <th align=left>System
225 
        <th>&nbsp;&nbsp;
226 
        <th align=left>invocation name
227 
<tr>    <td>Unix
228 
        <td>&nbsp;<td><b><tt>gs</tt></b>
229 
<tr>    <td>VMS
230 
        <td>&nbsp;<td><b><tt>gs</tt></b>
231 
<tr>    <td>MS Windows 95 and later
232 
        <td>&nbsp;<td><b><tt>gswin32c</tt></b>
233 
<tr>    <td>MS Windows 3.1/Win32s
234 
        <td>&nbsp;<td><b><tt>gswin32</tt></b>
235 
<tr>    <td>OS/2
236 
        <td>&nbsp;<td><b><tt>gsos2</tt></b>
237 
</table></blockquote>
238 
 
239 
 
240 
<h2><a name="Output_device"></a>Selecting an output device</h2>
241 
 
242 
<p>
243 
Ghostscript has a notion of 'output devices' which handle saving or displaying the results in a particular format. Ghostscript comes with a diverse variety of such devices supporting vector and raster file output, screen display, driving various printers and communicating with other applications.
244 
 
245 
<p>
246 
The command line option '<tt>-sDEVICE=</tt><em>device</em>' selects which output device Ghostscript should use. If this option isn't given the default device (usually a display device) is used. Ghostscript's built-in help message (<tt>gs&nbsp;-h</tt>) lists
247 
the available output devices. For complete description of the devices distributed with Ghostscript and their options, please see the <a href="Devices.htm">devices section</a> of the documentation.
248 
 
249 
<p><a name="Device_output"></a>
250 
Note that this switch must precede the name of the first input file, and
251 
only its first use has any effect.  For example, for printer output in a
252 
configuration that includes an Epson printer driver, instead of just
253 
<tt>'gs&nbsp;myfile.ps'</tt> you might use
254 
 
255 
<blockquote>
256 
        <b><tt>gs -sDEVICE=epson myfile.ps</tt></b>
257 
</blockquote>
258 
 
259 
<p><a name="GS_DEVICE"></a>
260 
The output device can also be set through the <tt>GS_DEVICE</tt> environment variable.
261 
 
262 
<p>
263 
Once you invoke Ghostscript
264 
you can also find out what devices are available by typing
265 
'<tt>devicenames&nbsp;==</tt>' at the interactive prompt.
266 
You can set the output device and process a file from the interactive prompt as well:
267 
 
268 
 
269 
<blockquote><pre>
270 
(epson) selectdevice
271 
(myfile.ps) run
272 
</pre></blockquote>
273 
 
274 
All output then goes to the Epson printer instead of the display until you
275 
do something to change devices.  You can switch devices at any time by
276 
using the <tt>selectdevice</tt> procedure, for
277 
instance like one of these:
278 
 
279 
<blockquote><pre>
280 
(x11alpha) selectdevice
281 
(epson) selectdevice
282 
</pre></blockquote>
283 
 
284 
<h3><a name="Output_resolution"></a>Output resolution</h3>
285 
 
286 
<p>
287 
Some printers can print at several different resolutions, letting you
288 
balance resolution against printing speed.  To select the resolution on
289 
such a printer, use the <b><tt>-r</tt></b> switch:
290 
 
291 
<blockquote>
292 
        <b><tt>gs -sDEVICE=</tt></b><em>printer</em><b><tt> -r</tt></b><em>XRES</em><b><tt>x</tt></b><em>YRES</em>
293 
</blockquote>
294 
 
295 
where <em>XRES</em> and <em>YRES</em> are the requested number of dots (or pixels) per inch. Where the two resolutions are same, as is the common case, you can simply use <tt>-r</tt><em>res</em>.
296 
 
297 
<p>
298 
The <tt>-r</tt> option is also useful for controlling the density of pixels when rasterizing to an image file. It is used this way in the examples at the beginning of this document.
299 
 
300 
<h3><a name="File_output"></a>Output to files</h3>
301 
 
302 
<p>
303 
Ghostscript also allows you to control where it sends its output. With a display device this isn't necessary as the device handles presenting the output on screen internally. Some specialized printer drivers operate this way as well, but most devices are general and need to be directed to a particular file or printer.
304 
 
305 
<p>
306 
To send the output to a file, use the <tt>-sOutputFile=</tt> switch.
307 
For instance, to direct all output into the file <tt>ABC.xyz</tt>, use
308 
 
309 
<blockquote><b><tt>
310 
gs -sOutputFile=ABC.xyz
311 
</tt></b></blockquote>
312 
 
313 
<p>
314 
When printing on MS Windows systems, output normally goes directly to the printer, <tt>PRN</tt>. On Unix and VMS systems it normally goes to a temporary file which is sent to the printer in a separate step. When using Ghostscript as a file rasterizer (converting PostScript or PDF to a raster image format) you will of course want to specify an appropriately named file for the output.
315 
 
316 
<p>
317 
Ghostscript also accepts the special filename '<tt>-</tt>' which indicates the output should be written to standard output (the command shell).
318 
 
319 
<p>
320 
Be aware that filenames beginning with the character <tt>%</tt> have a special meaning in PostScript. If you need to specify a file name that actually
321 
begins with <tt>%</tt>, you must prepend the <tt>%os%</tt> filedevice explicitly. For example to output to a file named <tt>%abc</tt>, you need to specify
322 
 
323 
<blockquote>
324 
<b><tt>gs -sOutputFile=%os%%abc</tt></b>
325 
</blockquote>
326 
 
327 
Please see <a href="Language.htm">Ghostscript and the PostScript Language</a> and the PostScript Language Reference Manual for more details on <tt>%</tt> and filedevices.
328 
 
329 
<p>
330 
Note that on MS Windows systems, the <b><tt>%</tt></b> character also has a special meaning for the command processor (shell), so you will have to double it:
331 
 
332 
<blockquote>
333 
<b><tt>gs -sOutputFile=%%os%%%%abc</tt></b> (on MS Windows)
334 
</blockquote>
335 
 
336 
<h4><a name="One_page_per_file"></a>One page per file</h4>
337 
 
338 
<p>
339 
Specifying a single output file works fine for printing and rasterizing
340 
figures, but sometimes you want images of each page of a multi-page
341 
document. You can tell Ghostscript to put each page of output in a
342 
series of similarly named files. To do this place a template
343 
'<tt>%d</tt>' in the filename which Ghostscript will replace with the
344 
page number.
345 
 
346 
<p>
347 
You can also control the number of digits used in the file name:
348 
 
349 
<blockquote><dl>
350 
<dt><b><tt>-sOutputFile=ABC-%d.png</tt></b>
351 
<dd>produces '<tt>ABC-1.png</tt>', ... , '<tt>ABC-10.png</tt>', ...<p>
352 
<dt><b><tt>-sOutputFile=ABC-%03d.pgm</tt></b>
353 
<dd>produces '<tt>ABC-001.pgm</tt>', ... , '<tt>ABC-010.pgm</tt>', ...<p>
354 
<dt><b><tt>-sOutputFile=ABC_p%04d.tiff</tt></b>
355 
<dd>produces '<tt>ABC_p0001.tiff</tt>', ... , '<tt>ABC_p0510.tiff</tt>', ... , '<tt>ABC_p5238.tiff</tt>'<p>
356 
</dl></blockquote>
357 
 
358 
Generally <tt>%03d</tt> is the best option for normal documents.
359 
 
360 
<p>
361 
Note however that this features is not supported by all devices; in particular
362 
it does not work with document-oriented output devices like <tt>pdfwrite</tt> and
363 
<tt>pswrite</tt>. See the <tt>-dFirstPage</tt> and <tt>-dLastPage</tt> switches
364 
<a href="#PDF_switches">below</a> for a way to extract single pdf pages.
365 
 
366 
<p>
367 
As noted above, on MS Windows systems, you will have to double the
368 
<tt>%</tt> character, e.g.,
369 
 
370 
<blockquote><tt><b>
371 
gs -sOutputFile=ABC%%03d.xyz
372 
</b></tt></blockquote>
373 
 
374 
 
375 
<h3><a name="Paper_size"></a>Choosing paper size</h3>
376 
 
377 
<p>
378 
Ghostscript is distributed configured to use U.S. letter paper as its
379 
default page size.  There are two ways to select other paper sizes from the
380 
command line:
381 
 
382 
<ul>
383 
 
384 
<li>
385 
If the desired paper size is listed in the section on <a
386 
href="#Known_paper_sizes">paper sizes known to Ghostscript</a> below, you
387 
can select it as the default paper size for a single invocation of
388 
Ghostscript by using the <b><tt>-sPAPERSIZE=</tt></b> switch, for instance
389 
 
390 
<blockquote><b><tt>
391 
-sPAPERSIZE=a4<br>
392 
-sPAPERSIZE=legal
393 
</tt></b></blockquote>
394 
 
395 
<li>
396 
Otherwise you can set the page size using the
397 
pair of switches
398 
 
399 
<blockquote>
400 
<b><tt>-dDEVICEWIDTHPOINTS=</tt></b><em>w</em>
401 
<b><tt>-dDEVICEHEIGHTPOINTS=</tt></b><em>h</em>
402 
</blockquote>
403 
 
404 
Where <em>w</em> be the desired paper width and <em>h</em> be the
405 
desired paper height in <em>points</em> (units of 1/72 of an inch).
406 
</ul>
407 
 
408 
<p>
409 
Individual documents can (and often do) specify a paper size, which takes
410 
precedence over the default size.  To force a specific paper size and
411 
ignore the paper size specified in the document, select a paper size as
412 
just described, and also include the
413 
<a href="#FIXEDMEDIA"><b><tt>-dFIXEDMEDIA</tt></b> switch</a> on the
414 
command line.
415 
 
416 
<p>
417 
The default set of paper sizes will be included in the <b><tt>currentpagedevice</tt></b>
418 
in the <b><tt>InputAttributes</tt></b> dictionary with each paper size as
419 
one of the entries. The last entry in the dictionary (which has numeric keys)
420 
is a non-standard (Ghostscript extension) type of PageSize where the array
421 
has four elements rather than the standard two elements. This four element
422 
array represents a page size range where the first two elements are the lower
423 
bound of the range and the second two are the upper bound. By default these
424 
are [0, 0] for the lower bound and [16#fffff, 16#fffff] for the upper bound.
425 
<br>
426 
The range type of PageSize is intended to allow flexible page size sepcification
427 
for non-printer file formats such as JPEG, PNG, TIFF, EPS, ...
428 
<br>
429 
For actual printers, either the entire <b><tt>InputAttributes</tt></b> dictionary
430 
should be replaced or the range type entry should not be included. To simplify
431 
using the default page sizes in the <b><tt>InputAttributes</tt></b> dictionary,
432 
the command line option <b><tt>-dNORANGEPAGESIZE</tt></b> can be used. Using
433 
this option will result in automatic rotation of the document page if the requested
434 
page size matches one of the default page sizes.
435 
 
436 
<h3><a name="Change_default_size"></a>Changing the installed default paper size</h3>
437 
 
438 
<p>
439 
You can change the installed default paper size on an installed version of Ghostscript, by editing the initialization file <b><tt>gs_init.ps</tt></b>.
440 
This file is usually in the <tt>lib</tt> directory somewhere in the search path. See the section on <a href="#Finding_files">finding files</a> for details.
441 
 
442 
<p>
443 
Find the line
444 
 
445 
<blockquote><pre>
446 
% /DEFAULTPAPERSIZE (a4) def
447 
</pre></blockquote>
448 
 
449 
<p>
450 
Then to make A4 the default paper size, uncomment the line to change
451 
this to
452 
 
453 
<blockquote><pre>
454 
/DEFAULTPAPERSIZE (a4) def
455 
</pre></blockquote>
456 
 
457 
<p>
458 
For <tt>a4</tt> you can substitute any
459 
<a href="#Known_paper_sizes">paper size Ghostscript knows</a>.
460 
 
461 
<p>
462 
This supecedes the previous method of uncommenting the line
463 
<b><tt>% (a4) ...</tt></b>.
464 
 
465 
<p>
466 
Sometimes the initialization files are compiled into Ghostscript and cannot be changed.
467 
 
468 
<h2><a name="Pipes"></a>Interacting with pipes</h2>
469 
 
470 
<p>
471 
As noted above, input files are normally specified on the command
472 
line.  However, one can also "pipe" input into Ghostscript from another
473 
program by using the special file name '<b><tt>-</tt></b>' which is interpreted as standard input. Examples:
474 
 
475 
<blockquote>
476 
{<em>some program producing ps</em>} <b><tt>| gs</tt></b> [options] <b><tt>-</tt></b>
477 
<br>
478 
<tt>zcat paper.ps.gz</tt> <b><tt>| gs</tt></b> <b><tt>-</tt></b>
479 
</blockquote>
480 
 
481 
<p>
482 
<em>Ghostscript cannot read PDF files from standard input or a pipe because the PDF language inherently requires random access to the file. Thus '<tt>-</tt>' only works with PostScript documents.</em>
483 
 
484 
<p>
485 
When Ghostscript finishes reading from the pipe, it quits rather than
486 
going into interactive mode.  Because of this, options and files after the '<tt>-</tt>' in the command line will be ignored.
487 
 
488 
<p>
489 
On Unix and MS Windows systems you can send output to a pipe in the same way.  For example, to pipe the output to <tt>lpr</tt>, use the command
490 
 
491 
<blockquote><tt>
492 
        <b>gs -q -sOutputFile=- |</b> lpr
493 
</tt></blockquote>
494 
 
495 
<p>
496 
In this case you must also use the <a href="#Quiet"><b><tt>-q</tt></b>
497 
switch</a> to prevent Ghostscript from writing messages to standard output
498 
which become mixed with the intended output stream.
499 
 
500 
<p>
501 
Similar results can be obtained with the <tt>%stdout</tt> and <tt>%pipe%</tt> filedevices. The example above would become
502 
 
503 
<blockquote><tt>
504 
        <b>gs -sOutputFile=%stdout -q |</b> lpr
505 
</tt></blockquote>
506 
or
507 
<blockquote><tt>
508 
        <b>gs -sOutputFile=%pipe%</b>lpr
509 
</tt></blockquote>
510 
 
511 
(again, doubling the <b><tt>%</tt></b> character on MS Windows systems.)
512 
 
513 
<p>
514 
In the last case, <tt>-q</tt> isn't necessary since Ghostscript handles the pipe itself and messages sent to stdout will be printed as normal.
515 
 
516 
<h2><a name="PDF"></a>Using Ghostscript with PDF files</h2>
517 
 
518 
<p>
519 
Ghostscript is normally built to interpret both PostScript and PDF files, examining each file to determine automatically whether its contents are PDF or PostScript.  All the normal switches and procedures for interpreting PostScript files also apply to PDF files, with a few exceptions. In addition, the
520 
<tt>pdf2ps</tt> utility uses Ghostscript to convert PDF to (Level 2) PostScript.
521 
 
522 
<h3><a name="PDF_switches"></a>Switches for PDF files</h3>
523 
 
524 
<p>Here are some command line options specific to PDF
525 
 
526 
<dl>
527 
<dt><b><tt>-dFirstPage=</tt></b><em>pagenumber</em>
528 
<dd>Begins interpreting on the designated page of the document.
529 
</dl>
530 
 
531 
<dl>
532 
<dt><b><tt>-dLastPage=</tt></b><em>pagenumber</em>
533 
<dd>Stops interpreting after the designated page of the document.
534 
</dl>
535 
 
536 
 <dl>
537 
<dt><b><tt>-dPDFFitPage</tt></b>
538 
<dd>Rather than selecting a PageSize given by the PDF MediaBox or
539 
CropBox (see -dUseCropBox), the PDF file will be scaled to fit
540 
the current device page size (usually the default page size).
541 
<p>
542 
This is useful to avoid clipping information on a PDF document when
543 
sending to a printer that may have unprintable areas at the edge of
544 
the media larger than allowed for in the document.
545 
<p>
546 
This is also useful for creating fixed size images of PDF files
547 
that may have a variety of page sizes, for example thumbnail images.
548 
</dl>
549 
 
550 
<dl>
551 
<dt><b><tt>-dPrinted</tt></b>
552 
<dt><b><tt>-dPrinted=false</tt></b>
553 
<dd>Determines whether the file should be displayed or printed using the
554 
"screen" or "printer" options for annotations and images.  With
555 
<b><tt>-dPrinted</tt></b>, the output will use the file's "print"
556 
options; with <b><tt>-dPrinted=false</tt></b>, the output will use the
557 
file's "screen" options.  If neither of these is specified, the output will
558 
use the screen options for any output device that doesn't have an
559 
<b><tt>OutputFile</tt></b> parameter, and the printer options for
560 
devices that do have this parameter.
561 
</dl>
562 
 
563 
<dl>
564 
<dt><b><tt>-dUseCropBox</tt></b>
565 
<dd>Sets the page size to the CropBox rather than the MediaBox.
566 
Some files have a CropBox that is smaller than the MediaBox and
567 
may include white space, registration or cutting marks outside
568 
the CropBox.  Using this option will set the page size
569 
appropriately for a viewer.
570 
</dl>
571 
 
572 
<dl>
573 
<dt><b><tt>-sPDFPassword=</tt></b><em>password</em>
574 
<dd>Sets the user or owner password to be used in decoding encrypted
575 
PDF files.
576 
</dl>
577 
 
578 
<h3><a name="PDF_problems"></a>Problems interpreting a PDF file</h3>
579 
 
580 
<p>
581 
Occasionally you may try to read or print a 'PDF' file that
582 
Ghostscript doesn't recognize as PDF, even though the same file
583 
<b><em>can</em></b> be opened and interpreted by an Adobe Acrobat viewer.
584 
In many cases, this is because of incorrectly generated PDF. Acrobat
585 
tends to be very forgiving of invalid PDF files. Ghostscript tends to
586 
expect files to conform to the standard. For example, even though
587 
valid PDF files must begin with <b><tt>%PDF</tt></b>, Acrobat will
588 
scan the first 1000 bytes or so for this string, and ignore any preceding
589 
garbage.
590 
 
591 
<p>
592 
In the past, Ghostscript's policy has been to simply fail with an
593 
error message when confronted with these files. This policy has, no
594 
doubt, encouraged PDF generators to be more careful. However, we now
595 
recognize that this behavior is not very friendly for people who just
596 
want to use Ghostscript to view or print PDF files. Our new policy is
597 
to try to render broken PDF's, and also to print a warning, so that
598 
Ghostscript is still useful as a sanity-check for invalid files.
599 
 
600 
<h3><a name="PDF_stdin"></a>PDF files from standard input</h3>
601 
 
602 
<p>
603 
The PDF language, unlike the PostScript language, inherently requires
604 
random access to the file.
605 
If you provide PDF to standard input using the
606 
special filename <a href="#Pipes">'<tt>-</tt>'</a>,
607 
Ghostscript will copy it to a temporary file before interpreting the PDF.
608 
 
609 
<h2><a name="EPS"></a>Using Ghostscript with EPS files</h2>
610 
<p>
611 
Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) files are intended to be incorporated
612 
in other PostScript documents and may not display or print on their
613 
own.  An EPS file must conform to the Document Structuring Conventions,
614 
must include a <b><tt>%%BoundingBox</tt></b> line to indicate the
615 
rectangle in which it will draw, must not use PostScript commands
616 
which will interfere with the document importing the EPS,
617 
and can have either zero pages or one page.
618 
Ghostscript has support for handling EPS files, but requires
619 
that the <b><tt>%%BoundingBox</tt></b> be in the header,
620 
not the trailer.
621 
To customize EPS handling, see <a href="#EPS_parameters">EPS parameters</a>.
622 
 
623 
<p>
624 
For the official description of the EPS file format, please
625 
refer to the Adobe documentation in their tech note #5002. It
626 
is available from:
627 
<a href="http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/ps/index_specs.html"
628 
class="offsite">
629 
http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/ps/index_specs.html</a>
630 
 
631 
<h2><a name="SPOT"></a>Using Ghostscript with overprinting and spot colors</h2>
632 
 
633 
<p>
634 
In general with PostScript and PDF interpreters, the handling of
635 
<b>overprinting</b> and <b>spot colors</b> depends upon the
636 
process color model of the <a href="#Output_device">output device</a>. Devices
637 
that produce gray or RGB output have an <b>additive</b> process color model.
638 
Devices which produce CMYK output have a <b>subtractive</b> process color model.
639 
Devices may, or may not, have support for spot colors.
640 
 
641 
<blockquote><i>
642 
Note: The differences in appearance of files with overprinting and spot colors
643 
caused by the differences in the color model of the output device are part of the
644 
PostScript and PDF specifications. They are not due to a limitation in the
645 
implementation of Ghostscript or its output devices.
646 
</i></blockquote>
647 
 
648 
<p>
649 
With devices which use a subtractive process color model, both PostScript
650 
and PDF allow the drawing of objects using colorants (inks) for one or more planes
651 
without affecting the data for the remaining colorants. Thus the inks for one
652 
object may <b><tt>overprint</tt></b> the inks for another object. In some cases
653 
this produces a transparency like effect. (The effects of overprinting should
654 
not be confused with the PDF 1.4 blending operations which are supported for
655 
all output devices.) Overprinting is not allowed for devices with an additive
656 
process color model. With files that use overprinting, the appearance of the
657 
resulting image can differ between devices which produce RGB output versus devices
658 
which produce CMYK output. Ghostscript automatically overprints (if needed)
659 
when the output device uses a subtractive process color model. For example,
660 
if the file is using overprinting, differences can be seen in the appearance
661 
of the output from the <a href="Devices.htm#TIFF">tiff24nc and tiff32nc devices</a>
662 
which use an RGB and a CMYK process color models.
663 
 
664 
<p>
665 
Most of the Ghostscript <a href="Devices.htm">output devices</a> do not have
666 
file formats which support spot colors. Instead spot colors are converted using
667 
the tint transform function contained within the color space definition.. However
668 
there are several devices which have support for spot colors. The PSD format
669 
(Adobe Photoshop) produced by the <a href="Devices.htm#PSD">psdcmyk device</a>
670 
contains both the raster data plus an equivalent CMYK color for each spot color.
671 
This allows Photoshop to simulate the appearance of the spot colors. The <a href="Devices.htm#display_device">display
672 
device (MS Windows, OS/2, gtk+)</a> can be used with different color models:
673 
Gray, RGB, CMYK only, or CMYK plus spot colors (separation). The display device,
674 
when using its CMYK plus spot color (separation) mode, also uses an equivalent
675 
CMYK color to simulate the appearance of the spot color. The
676 
<a href="Devices.htm#TIFF">tiffsep
677 
device</a> creates output files for each separation (CMYK and any spot colors
678 
present). It also creates a composite CMYK file using an equivalent CMYK color
679 
to simulate the appearance of spot colors. The
680 
<a href="Devices.htm#XCF">xcfcmyk device</a>
681 
creates output files with spot colors placed in separate alpha channels. (The
682 
XCF file format does not currently directly support spot colors.)
683 
 
684 
<p>
685 
Overprinting with spot colors is not allowed if the tint transform function
686 
is being used to convert spot colors. Thus if spot colors are used with overprinting,
687 
then the appearance of the result can differ between output devices. One result
688 
would be obtained with a CMYK only device and another would be obtained with
689 
a CMYK plus spot color device. In a worst case situation where a file has overprinting
690 
with both process (CMYK) and spot colors, it is possible to get three different
691 
appearances for the same input file using the
692 
<a href="Devices.htm#TIFF">tiff24nc</a> (RGB),
693 
<a href="Devices.htm#TIFF">tiff32nc</a> (CMYK), and
694 
<a href="Devices.htm#TIFF">tiffsep</a> (CMYK plus spot colors) devices.
695 
 
696 
<blockquote><i>
697 
In Adobe Acrobat, viewing of the effects of overprinting is enabled by the
698 
'Overprint Preview' item in the 'Advanced' menu. This feature is not available
699 
in the free Acrobat Reader. The free Acrobat Reader also uses the tint transform
700 
functions to convert spot colors to the appropriate alternate color space.
701 
</i></blockquote>
702 
 
703 
 
704 
<hr>
705 
 
706 
<h2><a name="Finding_files"></a>How Ghostscript finds files</h2>
707 
 
708 
<p>
709 
When looking for initialization files (<b><tt>gs_*.ps</tt></b>,
710 
<b><tt>pdf_*.ps</tt></b>), font files, the <b><tt>Fontmap</tt></b> file,
711 
files named on the command line, and resource files, Ghostscript first tests whether the
712 
file name specifies an absolute path.
713 
 
714 
<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
715 
<tr><th colspan=3 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">Testing a file name for an absolute path</font><hr>
716 
<tr>    <th align=left>System
717 
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;
718 
        <th align=left>Does the name ...
719 
<tr>    <td colspan=3><hr>
720 
<tr>    <td valign=top>Unix
721 
        <td>&nbsp;
722 
        <td>Begin with <b><tt><u>/</u></tt></b> ?
723 
<tr>    <td valign=top>MS Windows
724 
        <td>&nbsp;
725 
        <td>Have <b><tt><u>:</u></tt></b> as its second character, or
726 
                begin with <b><tt><u>/</u></tt></b>, <b><tt><u>\</u></tt></b>,
727 
                or <b><tt><u>//servername/share/</u></tt></b> ?
728 
<tr>    <td valign=top>VMS
729 
        <td>&nbsp;
730 
        <td>Contain a node, device, or root specification?
731 
</table></blockquote>
732 
 
733 
<p>If the test succeeds, Ghostscript tries to open the file
734 
using the name given.  Otherwise it tries directories in this order:
735 
 
736 
<ol>
737 
<li>The current directory (unless disabled by the
738 
<a href="#P-_switch"><b><tt>-P-</tt></b> switch</a>);
739 
 
740 
<li>The directories specified by <a href="#I_switch"><b><tt>-I</tt></b>
741 
switches</a> in the command line, if any;
742 
 
743 
<li>The directories specified by the <b><tt>GS_LIB</tt></b>
744 
environment variable, if any;
745 
 
746 
<li>The directories specified by the
747 
<b><tt>GS_LIB_DEFAULT</tt></b> macro (if any) in the makefile
748 
when this executable was built.
749 
</ol>
750 
 
751 
<p>
752 
<b><tt>GS_LIB_DEFAULT</tt></b>,
753 
<b><tt>GS_LIB</tt></b>, and the
754 
<b><tt>-I</tt></b> parameter may specify either a single
755 
directory or a list of directories separated by a character appropriate for
756 
the operating system ("<b><tt>:</tt></b>" on Unix systems,
757 
"<b><tt>,</tt></b>" on VMS systems, and
758 
"<b><tt>;</tt></b>" on MS Windows systems).  We think that trying
759 
the current directory first is a very bad idea -- it opens serious security
760 
loopholes and can lead to very confusing errors if one has more than one
761 
version of Ghostscript in one's environment -- but when we attempted to
762 
change it, users insisted that we change it back.  You can disable looking
763 
in the current directory first by using the
764 
<a href="#P_switch"><b><tt>-P-</tt></b> switch</a>.
765 
 
766 
<p>
767 
Note that Ghostscript does not use this file searching algorithm for the
768 
<b><tt>run</tt></b> or <b><tt>file</tt></b>
769 
operators: for these operators, it simply opens the file with the name
770 
given.  To run a file using the searching algorithm, use
771 
<b><tt>runlibfile</tt></b> instead of
772 
<b><tt>run</tt></b>.
773 
 
774 
<h3><a name="PS_resources"></a>Finding PostScript Level 2 resources</h3>
775 
 
776 
<p>
777 
Adobe specifies that resources are installed in a single directory.
778 
Ghostscript instead maintains a list of resource directories,
779 
and uses an extended method for finding resource files.
780 
 
781 
<p>
782 
The search for a resource file depends on whether
783 
the value of the system parameter <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b>
784 
specifies an absolute path. The user may set it as explained in
785 
<a href="#Resource_related_parameters">Resource-related parameters</a>.
786 
 
787 
<p>
788 
If the user doesn't set the system parameter <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b>,
789 
Ghostscript creates a default value for it with
790 
attaching the string <b><tt>../Resource</tt></b>
791 
to directory paths explained in
792 
<a href="#Finding_files">How Ghostscript finds files</a>,
793 
except the current directory.
794 
The first successful combination is used.
795 
 
796 
<p>
797 
If the value of the system parameter <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b>
798 
is an absolute path (the default),
799 
Ghostscript assumes a single resource directory.
800 
It concatenates :
801 
 
802 
<ol>
803 
<li>The value of the system parameter <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b>;
804 
<li>The name of the resource category (for instance, <b><tt>CMap</tt></b>);
805 
<li>The name of the resource instance (for instance, <b><tt>Identity-H</tt></b>).
806 
</ol>
807 
 
808 
<p>If the value of the system parameter <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b>
809 
is not an absolute path,
810 
Ghostscript assumes multiple resource directories.
811 
In this case it concatenates :
812 
 
813 
<ol>
814 
<li>A directory listed in the section
815 
<a href="#Finding_files">How Ghostscript finds files</a>,
816 
except the current directory;
817 
 
818 
<li>The value of the system parameter <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b>;
819 
 
820 
<li>The name of the resource category (for instance, <b><tt>CMap</tt></b>);
821 
 
822 
<li>The name of the resource instance (for instance, <b><tt>Identity-H</tt></b>)
823 
</ol>
824 
 
825 
Due to possible variety of the part 1, the first successful combination is used.
826 
For example, if the value of the system parameter <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b>
827 
is the string  <b><tt>../Resource/</tt></b>
828 
(or its equivalent in the file path syntax of the underlying platform),
829 
Ghostscript searches for <b><tt>../Resource/CMap/Identity-H</tt></b>
830 
from all directories listed in
831 
<a href="#Finding_files">How Ghostscript finds files</a>.
832 
So in this example, if the user on a Windows platform specifies
833 
the command line option <b><tt>-I.;../gs/lib;c:/gs8.50/lib</tt></b>,
834 
Ghostscript searches for <b><tt>../gs/Resource/CMap/Identity-H</tt></b> and
835 
then for <tt><b>c:/gs8.50/Resource/CMap/Identity-H</b></tt>.
836 
 
837 
<p>
838 
To get a proper platform dependent syntax Ghostscript inserts
839 
the value of the system parameter
840 
<b><tt>GenericResourcePathSep</tt></b> (initially
841 
"<b><tt>/</tt></b>" on Unix and Windows, "<b><tt>:</tt></b>" on MacOS,
842 
"<b><tt>.</tt></b>" or "<b><tt>]</tt></b>" on OpenVMS).
843 
The string <b><tt>../Resource</tt></b> is replaced with a
844 
platform dependent equivalent.
845 
 
846 
<p>
847 
In the case of multiple resource directories,
848 
the default <b><tt>ResourceFileName</tt></b> procedure retrieves either a path
849 
to the first avaliable resource, or if the resource is not available it
850 
returns a path starting with <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b>.
851 
Consequently Postscript installers of Postscript resources
852 
will overwrite an existing resource or add a new one to the first resource directory.
853 
 
854 
<p>
855 
To look up fonts, after exhausting the search method described in <a href="#Font_lookup">the
856 
next section</a>, it concatenates together
857 
 
858 
<ol>
859 
<li>the value of the system parameter
860 
<b><tt>FontResourceDir</tt></b> (initially
861 
<b><tt>/Resource/Font/</tt></b>)
862 
 
863 
<li>the name of the resource font (for instance, <b><tt>Times-Roman</tt></b>)
864 
</ol>
865 
 
866 
<p>
867 
Note that even although the system parameters are named "somethingDir", they
868 
are not just plain directory names: they have "<b><tt>/</tt></b>" on the
869 
end, so that they can be concatenated with the category name or font name.
870 
 
871 
<h3><a name="Font_lookup"></a>Font lookup</h3>
872 
 
873 
<p>
874 
Ghostscript has a slightly different way to find the file containing a font
875 
with a given name.  This rule uses not only the search path defined by
876 
<b><tt>-I</tt></b>, <b><tt>GS_LIB</tt></b>, and
877 
<b><tt>GS_LIB_DEFAULT</tt></b> <a href="#Finding_files">as described
878 
above</a>, but also the directory that is the value of the
879 
<b><tt>FontResourceDir</tt></b> system parameter, and an additional list of
880 
directories that is the value of the <b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b> environment
881 
variable (or the value provided with the <b><tt>-sFONTPATH=</tt></b> switch,
882 
if present).
883 
 
884 
<p>
885 
At startup time, Ghostscript reads in the <b><tt>Fontmap</tt></b> files in
886 
every directory on the search path (or in the list provided with the
887 
<b><tt>-sFONTMAP=</tt></b> switch, if present): these files are catalogs of
888 
fonts and the files that contain them.  (See <a href="Fonts.htm#Fontmap">the
889 
documentation of fonts</a> for details.)  Then, when Ghostscript needs to
890 
find a font that isn't already loaded into memory, it goes through a series
891 
of steps.
892 
 
893 
<ul>
894 
 
895 
<li>
896 
First, it looks up the font name in the combined Fontmaps.  If there is an
897 
entry for the desired font name, and the file named in the entry can be
898 
found in some directory on the general search path (defined by
899 
<b><tt>-I</tt></b>, <b><tt>GS_LIB</tt></b>, and
900 
<b><tt>GS_LIB_DEFAULT</tt></b>), and the file is loaded successfully, and
901 
loading it defines a font of the desired name, that is the end of the
902 
process.
903 
 
904 
<li>
905 
If this process fails at any step, Ghostscript looks for a file whose name
906 
is the concatenation of the value of the <b><tt>FontResourceDir</tt></b>
907 
system parameter and the font name, with no extension.  If such a file
908 
exists, can be loaded, and defines a font of the desired name, that again is
909 
the end.  The value of <b><tt>FontResourceDir</tt></b> is normally the
910 
string <b><tt>/Resource/Font/</tt></b>, but it can be changed with the
911 
<b><tt>setsystemparams</tt></b> operator: see the PostScript Language
912 
Reference Manual for details.
913 
 
914 
<li>
915 
If that fails, Ghostscript then looks for a file on the general search path
916 
whose name is the desired font name, with no extension.  If such a file
917 
exists, can be loaded, and defines a font of the desired name, that again is
918 
the end.
919 
 
920 
<li>
921 
If that too fails, Ghostscript looks at the <b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b>
922 
environment variable (or the value provided with the
923 
<b><tt>-sFONTPATH=</tt></b> switch, if present), which is also a list of
924 
directories.  It goes to the first directory on the list, looking for all
925 
files that appear to contain PostScript fonts; it then adds all those files
926 
and fonts to the combined Fontmaps, and starts over.
927 
 
928 
<li>
929 
If scanning the first FONTPATH directory doesn't produce a file that
930 
provides the desired font, it adds the next directory on the FONTPATH list,
931 
and so on until either the font is defined successfully or the list is
932 
exhausted.
933 
 
934 
<li>
935 
Finally, if all else fails, it will try to find a substitute for the font
936 
from among the standard 35 fonts.
937 
 
938 
</ul>
939 
 
940 
<p>
941 
<a href="#CIDFonts">CID fonts</a> (e.g. Chinese, Japanese and Korean)
942 
are found using a different method.
943 
 
944 
<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
945 
<tr><th colspan=3 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">Differences between search path and font path</font><hr>
946 
<tr>    <th>Search path
947 
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
948 
        <th>Font path
949 
<tr>    <td colspan=3><hr>
950 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>-I</tt></b> switch
951 
        <td>&nbsp;
952 
        <td><b><tt>-sFONTPATH=</tt></b> switch
953 
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
954 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>GS_LIB</tt></b> and <b><tt>GS_LIB_DEFAULT</tt></b>
955 
            environment variables
956 
        <td>&nbsp;
957 
        <td><b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b> environment variable
958 
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
959 
<tr>    <td valign=top>Consulted first
960 
        <td>&nbsp;
961 
        <td valign=top>Consulted only if search path and
962 
        <b><tt>FontResourceDir</tt></b> don't provide the file.
963 
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
964 
<tr>    <td valign=top>Font-name-to-file-name mapping given in Fontmap
965 
            files; aliases are possible, and there need not be any relation
966 
            between the font name in the Fontmap and the
967 
            <b><tt>FontName</tt></b> in the file.
968 
        <td>&nbsp; <td valign=top>Font-name-to-file-name mapping is
969 
            implicit -- the <b><tt>FontName</tt></b> in the file is
970 
            used. Aliases are not possible.
971 
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
972 
<tr>    <td valign=top>Only fonts and files named in Fontmap are used.
973 
        <td>&nbsp;
974 
        <td valign=top>Every Type 1 font file in each directory is
975 
            available; if TrueType fonts are supported (the
976 
            <b><tt>ttfont.dev</tt></b> feature was included when the
977 
            executable was built), they are also available.
978 
</table></blockquote>
979 
 
980 
<p>
981 
If you are using one of the following types of computer, you may wish to
982 
set the environment variable <b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b> to
983 
the value indicated so that Ghostscript will automatically acquire all the
984 
installed Type 1 (and, if supported, TrueType) fonts (but see below for
985 
notes on systems marked with "*"):
986 
 
987 
<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
988 
<tr><th colspan=5 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">Suggested <b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b> for different systems</font><hr>
989 
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
990 
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;
991 
        <th align=left>System type
992 
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;
993 
        <th valign=bottom align=left><b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b>
994 
<tr>    <td colspan=5><hr>
995 
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
996 
        <td>&nbsp;
997 
        <td valign=top>Digital Unix
998 
        <td>&nbsp;
999 
        <td><b><tt>/usr/lib/X11/fonts/Type1Adobe</tt></b>
1000 
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
1001 
        <td>&nbsp;
1002 
        <td valign=top>Ultrix
1003 
        <td>&nbsp;
1004 
        <td><b><tt>/usr/lib/DPS/outline/decwin</tt></b>
1005 
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
1006 
        <td>&nbsp;
1007 
        <td valign=top>HP-UX 9
1008 
        <td>&nbsp;
1009 
        <td><b><tt>/usr/lib/X11/fonts/type1.st/typefaces</tt></b>
1010 
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
1011 
        <td>&nbsp;
1012 
        <td valign=top>IBM AIX
1013 
        <td>&nbsp;
1014 
        <td><b><tt>/usr/lpp/DPS/fonts/outlines
1015 
                <br>/usr/lpp/X11/lib/X11/fonts/Type1
1016 
                <br>/usr/lpp/X11/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/DPS</tt></b>
1017 
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
1018 
        <td>&nbsp;
1019 
        <td valign=top>NeXT
1020 
        <td>&nbsp;
1021 
        <td><b><tt>/NextLibrary/Fonts/outline</tt></b>
1022 
<tr>    <td>*
1023 
        <td>&nbsp;
1024 
        <td valign=top>SGI IRIX
1025 
        <td>&nbsp;
1026 
        <td><b><tt>/usr/lib/DPS/outline/base
1027 
                <br>/usr/lib/X11/fonts/Type1</tt></b>
1028 
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
1029 
        <td>&nbsp;
1030 
        <td valign=top>SunOS 4.x<br>(NeWSprint only)
1031 
        <td>&nbsp;
1032 
        <td valign=top><b><tt>newsprint_2.5/SUNWsteNP/reloc/$BASEDIR/NeWSprint/<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;small_openwin/lib/fonts</tt></b>
1033 
<tr>    <td>**
1034 
        <td>&nbsp;
1035 
        <td valign=top>SunOS 4.x
1036 
        <td>&nbsp;
1037 
        <td><b><tt>/usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/outline</tt></b>
1038 
<tr>    <td>**
1039 
        <td>&nbsp;
1040 
        <td valign=top>Solaris 2.x
1041 
        <td>&nbsp;
1042 
        <td><b><tt>/usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/outline</tt></b>
1043 
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
1044 
        <td>&nbsp;
1045 
        <td valign=top>VMS
1046 
        <td>&nbsp;
1047 
        <td><b><tt>SYS$COMMON:[SYSFONT.XDPS.OUTLINE]</tt></b>
1048 
</table>
1049 
 
1050 
<hr align=left width="25%">
1051 
 
1052 
<p>
1053 
<b>*</b> On SGI IRIX systems, you must use <b><tt>Fontmap.SGI</tt></b> in
1054 
place of <b><tt>Fontmap</tt></b> or <b><tt>Fontmap.GS</tt></b>, because
1055 
otherwise the entries in <b><tt>Fontmap</tt></b> will take precedence over
1056 
the fonts in the FONTPATH directories.
1057 
 
1058 
<p>
1059 
<b>**</b> On Solaris systems simply setting <b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b> or
1060 
using <b><tt>-sFONTPATH=</tt></b> may not work, because for some reason some
1061 
versions of Ghostscript can't seem to find any of the Type1 fonts in
1062 
<b><tt>/usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/outline</tt></b>. (It says: "15
1063 
files, 15 scanned, 0 new fonts". We think this problem has been fixed in
1064 
Ghostscript version 6.0, but we aren't sure because we've never been able to
1065 
reproduce it.)  See <b><tt>Fontmap.Sol</tt></b> instead.  Also, on Solaris
1066 
2.x it's probably not worth your while to add Sun's fonts to your font path
1067 
and Fontmap.  The fonts Sun distributes on Solaris 2.x in the directories
1068 
 
1069 
<blockquote><b><tt>
1070 
        /usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1<br>
1071 
        /usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/outline
1072 
</tt></b></blockquote>
1073 
 
1074 
<p>
1075 
are already represented among the ones distributed as part of Ghostscript;
1076 
and on some test files, Sun's fonts have been shown to cause incorrect
1077 
displays with Ghostscript.
1078 
 
1079 
</blockquote>
1080 
 
1081 
<p>
1082 
These paths may not be exactly right for your installation; if the indicated
1083 
directory doesn't contain files whose names are familiar font names like
1084 
Courier and Helvetica, you may wish to ask your system administrator where
1085 
to find these fonts.
1086 
 
1087 
<p>
1088 
Adobe Acrobat comes with a set of fourteen Type 1 fonts, on Unix typically
1089 
in a directory called ...<b><tt>/Acrobat3/Fonts</tt></b>.  There is no
1090 
particular reason to use these instead of the corresponding fonts in the
1091 
Ghostscript distribution (which are of just as good quality), except to save
1092 
about a megabyte of disk space, but the installation documentation explains
1093 
how to do it <a href="Install.htm#Use_Acrobat_fonts_Unix">on Unix</a>.
1094 
 
1095 
<h3><a name="CIDFonts"></a>CID fonts</h3>
1096 
 
1097 
<p>
1098 
CID fonts are PostScript resources containing a
1099 
large number of glyphs (e.g. glyphs for Far East languages,
1100 
Chinese, Japanese and Korean).
1101 
Please refer to the PostScript Language Reference,
1102 
third edition, for details.
1103 
 
1104 
<p>
1105 
CID font resources are a different kind of PostScript resource from fonts.
1106 
In particular, they cannot be used as regular fonts.
1107 
CID font resources must first be combined with a CMap resource, which
1108 
defines specific codes for glyphs, before it can be used as a font. This
1109 
allows the reuse of a collection of glyphs with different encodings.
1110 
 
1111 
<p>
1112 
The simplest method to request a font composed of a CID font resource
1113 
and a CMap resource in a PostScript document is
1114 
<blockquote><b><tt>
1115 
/CIDFont-CMap findfont
1116 
</tt></b></blockquote>
1117 
where <b><tt>CIDFont</tt></b> is a name of any
1118 
CID font resource, and <b><tt>CMap</tt></b> is a name of a CMap resource
1119 
designed for the same character collection. The interpreter will compose
1120 
the font automatically from the specified CID font and CMap resources.
1121 
Another method is possible using the <b><tt>composefont</tt></b> operator.
1122 
 
1123 
<p>
1124 
CID fonts must be placed in the <b><tt>/Resource/CIDFont/</tt></b> directory.
1125 
They are not found using <a href="#Font_lookup">Font lookup</a>
1126 
on the search path or font path.
1127 
 
1128 
<h3><a name="CIDFontSubstitution"></a>CID font substitution</h3>
1129 
 
1130 
<p>
1131 
 
1132 
<p>
1133 
Substitution of CID font resources is controlled by the Ghostscript
1134 
configuration file <b><tt>lib/cidfmap</tt></b>,
1135 
which defines a CID font resource map.
1136 
The file forms a table of records, each of which should use one of two formats,
1137 
explained below. Users may modify <b><tt>lib/cidfmap</tt></b> to configure
1138 
Ghostscript for a specific need.
1139 
 
1140 
<p> To substitute a CID font resource with another CID font resource, add a record like this :
1141 
 
1142 
<blockquote><b><tt>
1143 
/Substituted /Original ;
1144 
</tt></b></blockquote>
1145 
where <b><tt>Substituted</tt></b> is a name of CID font resource being used
1146 
by a document, and <b><tt>Original</tt></b> is a name of an available
1147 
CID font resource. Please pay attention that both them must be
1148 
designed for same character collection. In other words, you
1149 
cannot substitute a Japanese CID font resource with a Korean CID font resource,
1150 
etc. CMap resource names must not appear in
1151 
<b><tt>lib/cidfmap</tt></b>. The trailing semicolon and the space before it
1152 
are both required.
1153 
 
1154 
<p>
1155 
 
1156 
To substitute (emulate) a CID font resource with a TrueType font file, add a record like this :
1157 
 
1158 
<blockquote><b><tt>
1159 
/Substituted &lt;&lt; keys&amp;values &gt;&gt; ;
1160 
</tt></b></blockquote>
1161 
 
1162 
Where <b><tt>keys&amp;values</tt></b> are explained in the table below.
1163 
 
1164 
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=10>
1165 
 
1166 
<tr valign="top">       <th>Key
1167 
        <th>Type
1168 
        <th>Description
1169 
<tr valign="top">       <td><b><tt>/Path</tt></b>
1170 
        <td>string
1171 
        <td>A path to a TrueType font file.  This must be an absolute path.
1172 
        If using <b><tt><a href="#Safer">-dSAFER</a></tt></b>, the directory
1173 
        containing the font file must be on one of the permitted paths.
1174 
<tr valign="top">       <td><b><tt>/FileType</tt></b>
1175 
        <td>name
1176 
        <td>Must be <b><tt>/TrueType</tt></b>.
1177 
<tr valign="top">       <td><b><tt>/SubfontID</tt></b>
1178 
        <td>integer
1179 
        <td>(optional) Index of the font in font collection, such as TTC.
1180 
            This is ignored if <b><tt>Path</tt></b> doesn't specify a collection.
1181 
            The first font in a collection is 0.
1182 
            Default value is 0.
1183 
<tr valign="top">       <td><b><tt>/CSI</tt></b>
1184 
        <td>array of 2 elements
1185 
        <td>(required) Information for building <b><tt>CIDSystemInfo</tt></b>.
1186 
            The first element is a string, which specifies <b><tt>Ordering</tt></b>.
1187 
            The second element is a number, which specifies <b><tt>Supplement</tt></b>.
1188 
</table>
1189 
 
1190 
<p>
1191 
Currently only CIDFontType 2 can be emulated with a TrueType font.
1192 
The TrueType font must contain enough characters to cover an
1193 
Adobe character collection, which is specified in <b><tt>Ordering</tt></b> and used in documents.
1194 
 
1195 
<p>
1196 
Examples :
1197 
 
1198 
 
1199 
<blockquote><b><tt>
1200 
/Ryumin-Medium  /ShinGo-Bold ;<br>
1201 
/MS-Mincho &lt;&lt; /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/msmincho.ttc) /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(Japan1) 3] &gt;&gt; ;<br>
1202 
/Ryumin-Light /MS-Mincho ;<br>
1203 
<br>
1204 
/Batang &lt;&lt; /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/batang.ttc) /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(Korea1) 3] &gt;&gt; ;<br>
1205 
/Gulim &lt;&lt; /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/gulim.ttc) /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(Korea1) 3] &gt;&gt; ;<br>
1206 
/Dotum &lt;&lt; /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/gulim.ttc) /SubfontID 2 /CSI [(Korea1) 3] &gt;&gt; ;<br>
1207 
/HYSMyeongJo-Medium /Batang ;<br>
1208 
/HYRGoThic-Medium /Gulim ;<br>
1209 
/HYGoThic-Medium /Dotum ;<br>
1210 
<br>
1211 
/SimSun &lt;&lt; /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/simsun.ttc) /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(GB1) 2] &gt;&gt; ;<br>
1212 
/SimHei &lt;&lt; /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/simhei.ttf) /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(GB1) 2] &gt;&gt; ;<br>
1213 
/STSong-Light /SimSun ;<br>
1214 
/STHeiti-Regular /SimHei ;<br>
1215 
</tt></b></blockquote>
1216 
 
1217 
<p>
1218 
Note that the font file path uses Postscript syntax for strings.
1219 
Due to that backslashes must be represented as a double backslash each.
1220 
 
1221 
<p>
1222 
Note that loading truetype fonts directly from
1223 
<b>><tt>/Resources/CIDFont</tt></b> is no longer supported.
1224 
There is no reliable way to generate a character ordering for truetype
1225 
fonts. The 7.0x versions of Ghostscript supported this by assuming a Japanese
1226 
character ordering. This is replaced in the 8.0x and later releases with the more
1227 
general <b><tt>cidfmap</tt></b> mechanism.
1228 
 
1229 
<p>
1230 
The PDF specification requires CID font files to be embedded,
1231 
however some documents omit them. As a workaround
1232 
the PDF interpreter applies an additional substitution method when
1233 
a requested CID font resource is not embedded and it is not available.
1234 
It takes values of the keys <b><tt>Registry</tt></b> and <b><tt>Ordering</tt></b>
1235 
from the <b><tt>CIDFontSystem</tt></b> dictionary,
1236 
and concatenates them with a dash inserted.
1237 
For example, if a PDF CID font resource specifies
1238 
<blockquote><b><tt>
1239 
/CIDSystemInfo &lt;&lt; /Registry (Adobe) /Ordering (CNS1) /Supplement 1 &gt;&gt;
1240 
</tt></b></blockquote>
1241 
the generated subsitituite name is <b><tt>Adobe-CNS1</tt></b>.
1242 
The latter may look some confusing for a font name,
1243 
but we keep it for compatibility with older Ghostscript versions,
1244 
which do so due to a historical reason.
1245 
Add a proper record to <b><tt>lib/cidfmap</tt></b> to provide it.
1246 
 
1247 
<p>
1248 
Please note that when a PDF font resource specifies
1249 
<blockquote><b><tt>
1250 
/Registry (Adobe) /Ordering (Identity)
1251 
</tt></b></blockquote>
1252 
there is no way to determine the language properly.
1253 
If the CID font file is not embedded, the <b><tt>Adobe-Identity</tt></b>
1254 
record depends on the document and a correct record isn't possible when
1255 
a document refers to multiple Far East languages.
1256 
In the latter case add individual records for specific CID font names used in the document.
1257 
 
1258 
<p>
1259 
Consequently, if you want to handle any PDF document with
1260 
non-embedded CID fonts (which isn't a correct PDF),
1261 
you need to create a suitable <b><tt>lib/cidfmap</tt></b> by hand,
1262 
possibly a specific one for each document.
1263 
 
1264 
<h3><a name="Temp_files"></a>Temporary files</h3>
1265 
 
1266 
<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
1267 
<tr><th colspan=5 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">Where Ghostscript puts temporary files</font><hr>
1268 
<tr valign=bottom>
1269 
        <th align=left>Platform
1270 
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1271 
        <th align=left>Filename
1272 
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1273 
        <th align=left>Location
1274 
<tr>    <td colspan=5><hr>
1275 
<tr valign=top> <td>MS Windows and OpenVMS
1276 
        <td>&nbsp;
1277 
        <td><b><tt>_temp_</tt></b>XX.XXX
1278 
        <td>&nbsp;
1279 
        <td>Current directory
1280 
<tr valign=top> <td>OS/2
1281 
        <td>&nbsp;
1282 
        <td><b><tt>gs</tt></b>XXXXXX
1283 
        <td>&nbsp;
1284 
        <td>Current directory
1285 
<tr valign=top> <td>Unix
1286 
        <td>&nbsp;
1287 
        <td><b><tt>gs_</tt></b>XXXXX
1288 
        <td>&nbsp;
1289 
        <td><b><tt>/tmp</tt></b>
1290 
</table></blockquote>
1291 
 
1292 
<p>
1293 
You can change in which directory Ghostscript creates temporary files by
1294 
setting the <b><tt>TMPDIR</tt></b> or <b><tt>TEMP</tt></b> environment
1295 
variable to the name of the directory you want used.  Ghostscript currently
1296 
doesn't do a very good job of deleting temporary files if it exits because
1297 
of an error; you may have to delete them manually from time to time.
1298 
 
1299 
 
1300 
<hr>
1301 
 
1302 
<h2><a name="Platforms"></a>Notes on specific platforms</h2>
1303 
 
1304 
<h3><a name="Unix"></a>Unix</h3>
1305 
 
1306 
<p>
1307 
The Ghostscript distribution includes some Unix shell scripts to use with
1308 
Ghostscript in different environments.  These are all user-contributed
1309 
code, so if you have questions, please contact the user identified in the
1310 
file, not Aladdin Enterprises or artofcode LLC.
1311 
 
1312 
<dl>
1313 
<dt><b><tt>pv.sh</tt></b>
1314 
<dd>Preview a specified page of a <b><tt>dvi</tt></b> file in an X window
1315 
</dl>
1316 
 
1317 
<dl>
1318 
<dt><b><tt>sysvlp.sh</tt></b>
1319 
<dd>System V 3.2 lp interface for parallel printer
1320 
</dl>
1321 
 
1322 
<dl>
1323 
<dt><b><tt>pj-gs.sh</tt></b>
1324 
<dd>Printing on an H-P PaintJet under HP-UX
1325 
</dl>
1326 
 
1327 
<dl>
1328 
<dt><b><tt>unix-lpr.sh</tt></b>
1329 
<dd>Queue filter for <b><tt>lpr</tt></b> under Unix;
1330 
<a href="Unix-lpr.htm">its documentation</a> is intended for system
1331 
administrators
1332 
</dl>
1333 
 
1334 
<dl>
1335 
<dt><b><tt>lprsetup.sh</tt></b>
1336 
<dd>Setup for <b><tt>unix-lpr.sh</tt></b>
1337 
</dl>
1338 
 
1339 
<hr>
1340 
 
1341 
<h3><a name="VMS"></a>VMS</h3>
1342 
 
1343 
<ul>
1344 
<li>To be able to specify switches and file names when invoking the
1345 
interpreter, define <b><tt>gs</tt></b> as a foreign command:
1346 
 
1347 
<blockquote>
1348 
<b><tt>$ gs == "$</tt></b><em>disk</em><b><tt>:[</tt></b><em>directory</em><b><tt>]gs.exe</tt></b>"
1349 
</blockquote>
1350 
 
1351 
<p>
1352 
where the "<em>disk</em>" and "<em>directory</em>" specify where
1353 
the Ghostscript executable is located.  For instance,
1354 
 
1355 
<blockquote><b><tt>
1356 
$ gs == "$dua1:[ghostscript]gs.exe"
1357 
</tt></b></blockquote>
1358 
 
1359 
<li>On VMS systems, the last character of each "directory" name indicates
1360 
what sort of entity the "directory" refers to.  If the "directory" name
1361 
ends with a colon "<b><tt>:</tt></b>", it is taken to refer to a logical
1362 
device, for instance
1363 
 
1364 
<blockquote><b><tt>
1365 
$ define ghostscript_device dua1:[ghostscript_510]<br>
1366 
$ define gs_lib ghostscript_device:
1367 
</tt></b></blockquote>
1368 
 
1369 
<p>
1370 
If the "directory" name ends with a closing square bracket
1371 
"<b><tt>]</tt></b>", it is taken to refer to a real directory, for instance
1372 
 
1373 
<blockquote><b><tt>
1374 
$ define gs_lib dua1:[ghostscript]
1375 
</tt></b></blockquote>
1376 
 
1377 
<li>Defining the logical <b><tt>GS_LIB</tt></b>
1378 
 
1379 
<blockquote>
1380 
<b><tt>$ define gs_lib</tt></b> <em>disk</em><b><tt>:[</tt></b><em>directory</em><b><tt>]</tt></b>
1381 
</blockquote>
1382 
 
1383 
<p>
1384 
allows Ghostscript to find its initialization files in the Ghostscript
1385 
directory even if that's not where the executable resides.<br>&nbsp;
1386 
 
1387 
<li>Although VMS DCL itself converts unquoted parameters to upper case, C
1388 
programs such as Ghostscript receive their parameters through the C runtime
1389 
library, which forces all unquoted command-line parameters to lower case.
1390 
That is, with the command
1391 
 
1392 
<blockquote><b><tt>
1393 
$ gs -Isys$login:
1394 
</tt></b></blockquote>
1395 
 
1396 
<p>
1397 
Ghostscript sees the switch as <b><tt>-isys$login</tt></b>,
1398 
which doesn't work.  To preserve the case of switches, quote them like
1399 
this:
1400 
 
1401 
<blockquote><b><tt>
1402 
$ gs "-Isys$login:"
1403 
</tt></b></blockquote>
1404 
 
1405 
<li>If you write printer output to a file with
1406 
<b><tt>-sOutputFile=</tt></b> and then want to print the file later, use
1407 
"<b><tt>PRINT/PASSALL</tt></b>".
1408 
</ul>
1409 
 
1410 
<ul>
1411 
<li>PDF files (or PostScript files that use the
1412 
<b><tt>setfileposition</tt></b> operator) must be "stream LF" type files to
1413 
work properly on VMS systems. (<b><em>Note:</em></b> This definitely matters
1414 
if Ghostscript was compiled with DEC C; we are not sure of the situation if
1415 
you use <b><tt>gcc</tt></b>.)  Because of this, if you transfer files by
1416 
FTP, you probably need to do one of these two things after the transfer:
1417 
 
1418 
<ol>
1419 
<li>If the FTP transfer was in text (ASCII) mode:
1420 
 
1421 
<blockquote>
1422 
<b><tt>$ convert/fdl=streamlf.fdl</tt></b> input-file output-file
1423 
</blockquote>
1424 
 
1425 
<p>
1426 
where the contents of the file <b><tt>STREAMLF.FDL</tt></b> are
1427 
 
1428 
<blockquote>
1429 
<pre>FILE
1430 
        ORGANIZATION            sequential
1431 
 
1432 
RECORD
1433 
        BLOCK_SPAN              yes
1434 
        CARRIAGE_CONTROL        carriage_return
1435 
        FORMAT                  stream_lf
1436 
</pre></blockquote>
1437 
 
1438 
<li>If the FTP transfer was in binary mode:
1439 
 
1440 
<blockquote><b><tt>
1441 
     $ set file/attribute=(rfm:stmlf)
1442 
</tt></b></blockquote>
1443 
</ol>
1444 
</ul>
1445 
 
1446 
<h4><a name="VMS_X_Windows"></a>Using X Windows on VMS</h4>
1447 
 
1448 
<p>
1449 
If you are using on an X Windows display, you can set it up with the node
1450 
name and network transport, for instance
1451 
 
1452 
<blockquote><b><tt>
1453 
        $ set display/create/node="doof.city.com"/transport=tcpip
1454 
</tt></b></blockquote>
1455 
 
1456 
<p>
1457 
and then run Ghostscript by typing <b><tt>gs</tt></b> at the command line.
1458 
 
1459 
<hr>
1460 
 
1461 
<h3><a name="MS_Windows"></a>MS Windows</h3>
1462 
 
1463 
<p>
1464 
The name of the Ghostscript command line executable on MS Windows is
1465 
<tt>gswin32c</tt> so use this instead of the plain '<tt>gs</tt>' in
1466 
the quickstart examples.
1467 
 
1468 
<p>
1469 
You must add <em>gs\</em><tt>bin</tt> and
1470 
<em>gs\</em><tt>lib</tt> to the <b><tt>PATH</tt></b>, where
1471 
<em>gs</em> is the top-level Ghostscript directory.
1472 
 
1473 
<p>
1474 
When passing options to ghostcript through a batch file wrapper such as
1475 
<tt>ps2pdf.bat</tt> you need to substitute '#' for '=' as the separator
1476 
between options and their arguments. For example:
1477 
<blockquote><pre>
1478 
ps2pdf -sPAPERSIZE#a4 file.ps file.pdf
1479 
</pre></blockquote>
1480 
 
1481 
Ghostscript treats '#' the same internally, and the '=' is mangled by
1482 
the command shell.
1483 
 
1484 
<p>
1485 
There is also an older version for windows called just <tt>gswin32</tt>
1486 
that provides its own window for the interactive postscript prompt. Except
1487 
on Windows 3.1, gswin32c is the better option since it uses the
1488 
native command prompt window.
1489 
 
1490 
<hr>
1491 
 
1492 
<h3><a name="MS-DOS"></a>MS-DOS</h3>
1493 
 
1494 
<p>
1495 
<strong>Note:</strong> Ghostscript is no longer supported on MS-DOS.
1496 
 
1497 
<p>
1498 
Invoking Ghostscript from the command prompt in Windows is supported by
1499 
the Windows executable described above.
1500 
 
1501 
<hr>
1502 
 
1503 
<h3><a name="X_Windows"></a>X Windows</h3>
1504 
 
1505 
<p>
1506 
Ghostscript looks for the following resources under the program name
1507 
<b><tt>ghostscript</tt></b> and class name
1508 
<b><tt>Ghostscript</tt></b>; the ones marked "**" are
1509 
calculated from display metrics:
1510 
 
1511 
<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
1512 
<tr><th colspan=5 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">X Windows resources</font><hr>
1513 
<tr>    <th align=left>Name
1514 
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;
1515 
        <th align=left>Class
1516 
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;
1517 
        <th align=left>Default
1518 
<tr>    <td colspan=5><hr>
1519 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>background</tt></b>
1520 
        <td>&nbsp;
1521 
        <td><b><tt>Background</tt></b>
1522 
        <td>&nbsp;
1523 
        <td><b><tt>white</tt></b>
1524 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>foreground</tt></b>
1525 
        <td>&nbsp;
1526 
        <td><b><tt>Foreground</tt></b>
1527 
        <td>&nbsp;
1528 
        <td><b><tt>black</tt></b>
1529 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>borderColor</tt></b>
1530 
        <td>&nbsp;
1531 
        <td><b><tt>BorderColor</tt></b>
1532 
        <td>&nbsp;
1533 
        <td><b><tt>black</tt></b>
1534 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>borderWidth</tt></b>
1535 
        <td>&nbsp;
1536 
        <td><b><tt>BorderWidth</tt></b>
1537 
        <td>&nbsp;
1538 
        <td><b><tt>1</tt></b>
1539 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>geometry</tt></b>
1540 
        <td>&nbsp;
1541 
        <td><b><tt>Geometry</tt></b>
1542 
        <td>&nbsp;
1543 
        <td><b><tt>NULL</tt></b>
1544 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>xResolution</tt></b>
1545 
        <td>&nbsp;
1546 
        <td><b><tt>Resolution</tt></b>
1547 
        <td>&nbsp;
1548 
        <td>**
1549 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>yResolution</tt></b>
1550 
        <td>&nbsp;
1551 
        <td><b><tt>Resolution</tt></b>
1552 
        <td>&nbsp;
1553 
        <td>**
1554 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>useExternalFonts</tt></b>
1555 
        <td>&nbsp;
1556 
        <td><b><tt>UseExternalFonts</tt></b>
1557 
        <td>&nbsp;
1558 
        <td><b><tt>true</tt></b>
1559 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>useScalableFonts</tt></b>
1560 
        <td>&nbsp;
1561 
        <td><b><tt>UseScalableFonts</tt></b>
1562 
        <td>&nbsp;
1563 
        <td><b><tt>true</tt></b>
1564 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>logExternalFonts</tt></b>
1565 
        <td>&nbsp;
1566 
        <td><b><tt>LogExternalFonts</tt></b>
1567 
        <td>&nbsp;
1568 
        <td><b><tt>false</tt></b>
1569 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>externalFontTolerance</tt></b>
1570 
        <td>&nbsp;
1571 
        <td><b><tt>ExternalFontTolerance</tt></b>
1572 
        <td>&nbsp;
1573 
        <td><b><tt>10.0</tt></b>
1574 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>palette</tt></b>
1575 
        <td>&nbsp;
1576 
        <td><b><tt>Palette</tt></b>
1577 
        <td>&nbsp;
1578 
        <td><b><tt>Color</tt></b>
1579 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>maxGrayRamp</tt></b>
1580 
        <td>&nbsp;
1581 
        <td><b><tt>MaxGrayRamp</tt></b>
1582 
        <td>&nbsp;
1583 
        <td><b><tt>128</tt></b>
1584 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>maxRGBRamp</tt></b>
1585 
        <td>&nbsp;
1586 
        <td><b><tt>MaxRGBRamp</tt></b>
1587 
        <td>&nbsp;
1588 
        <td><b><tt>5</tt></b>
1589 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>maxDynamicColors</tt></b>
1590 
        <td>&nbsp;
1591 
        <td><b><tt>MaxDynamicColors</tt></b>
1592 
        <td>&nbsp;
1593 
        <td><b><tt>256</tt></b>
1594 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>useBackingPixmap</tt></b>
1595 
        <td>&nbsp;
1596 
        <td><b><tt>UseBackingPixmap</tt></b>
1597 
        <td>&nbsp;
1598 
        <td><b><tt>true</tt></b>
1599 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>useXPutImage</tt></b>
1600 
        <td>&nbsp;
1601 
        <td><b><tt>UseXPutImage</tt></b>
1602 
        <td>&nbsp;
1603 
        <td><b><tt>true</tt></b>
1604 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>useXSetTile</tt></b>
1605 
        <td>&nbsp;
1606 
        <td><b><tt>UseXSetTile</tt></b>
1607 
        <td>&nbsp;
1608 
        <td><b><tt>true</tt></b>
1609 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>regularFonts</tt></b>
1610 
        <td>&nbsp;
1611 
        <td><b><tt>RegularFonts</tt></b>
1612 
        <td>&nbsp;
1613 
        <td>See "<a href="#X_fonts">X fonts</a>"
1614 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>symbolFonts</tt></b>
1615 
        <td>&nbsp;
1616 
        <td><b><tt>SymbolFonts</tt></b>
1617 
        <td>&nbsp;
1618 
        <td>See "<a href="#X_fonts">X fonts</a>"
1619 
<tr>    <td><b><tt>dingbatFonts</tt></b>
1620 
        <td>&nbsp;
1621 
        <td><b><tt>DingbatFonts</tt></b>
1622 
        <td>&nbsp;
1623 
        <td>See "<a href="#X_fonts">X fonts</a>"
1624 
</table></blockquote>
1625 
 
1626 
<h4><a name="X_resources"></a>X resources</h4>
1627 
 
1628 
<ul>
1629 
<li>
1630 
To set X resources, put them in a file (such as
1631 
<b><tt>~/.Xdefaults</tt></b> on Unix) in a form like this:
1632 
 
1633 
<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
1634 
<tr><td><b><tt>Ghostscript*geometry:</tt></b><td><b><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></b><td><b><tt>595x842-0+0</tt></b>
1635 
<tr><td><b><tt>Ghostscript*xResolution:</tt></b><td><b><tt>&nbsp;</tt></b><td><b><tt>72</tt></b>
1636 
<tr><td><b><tt>Ghostscript*yResolution:</tt></b><td><b><tt>&nbsp;</tt></b><td><b><tt>72</tt></b>
1637 
</table></blockquote>
1638 
 
1639 
<p>
1640 
Then merge these resources into the X server's resource database:
1641 
 
1642 
<blockquote><b><tt>
1643 
        xrdb -merge ~/.Xdefaults
1644 
</tt></b></blockquote>
1645 
 
1646 
<li>
1647 
Ghostscript doesn't look at the default system background and foreground
1648 
colors; if you want to change the background or foreground color, you must
1649 
set them explicitly for Ghostscript.  This is a deliberate choice, so that
1650 
PostScript documents will display correctly by default -- with white as
1651 
white and black as black -- even if text windows use other colors.
1652 
 
1653 
<li>
1654 
The <b><tt>geometry</tt></b> resource affects only window placement.
1655 
 
1656 
<li>
1657 
Resolution is expressed in pixels per inch (1 inch = 25.4mm).
1658 
 
1659 
<li>
1660 
The font tolerance gives the largest acceptable difference in height of the
1661 
screen font, expressed as a percentage of the height of the desired font.
1662 
 
1663 
<li>
1664 
The <b><tt>palette</tt></b> resource can be used to restrict Ghostscript to
1665 
using a grayscale or monochrome palette.
1666 
 
1667 
<li>
1668 
<b><tt>maxRGBRamp</tt></b> and
1669 
<b><tt>maxGrayRamp</tt></b> control the maximum number of
1670 
colors that ghostscript allocates ahead of time for the dither cube (ramp).
1671 
Ghostscript never preallocates more than half the cells in a colormap.
1672 
<b><tt>maxDynamicColors</tt></b> controls the maximum
1673 
number of colors that Ghostscript will allocate dynamically in the
1674 
colormap.
1675 
</ul>
1676 
 
1677 
<h4><a name="X_server_bugs"></a>Working around bugs in X servers</h4>
1678 
 
1679 
<p>
1680 
The "<b><tt>use</tt></b>..." resources exist primarily to work around bugs
1681 
in X servers.
1682 
 
1683 
<ul>
1684 
<li>    Old versions of DEC's X server (DECwindows) have bugs that
1685 
        require setting <b><tt>useXPutImage</tt></b> or
1686 
        <b><tt>useXSetTile</tt></b> to
1687 
        <b><tt>false</tt></b>.
1688 
 
1689 
<li>    Some servers do not implement backing pixmaps properly, or do not
1690 
        have enough memory for them.  If you get strange behavior or "out
1691 
        of memory" messages, try setting
1692 
        <b><tt>useBackingPixmap</tt></b> to
1693 
        <b><tt>false</tt></b>.
1694 
 
1695 
<li>    Some servers do not implement tiling properly.  This appears
1696 
        as broad bands of color where dither patterns should appear.  If
1697 
        this happens, try setting
1698 
        <b><tt>useXSetTile</tt></b> to
1699 
        <b><tt>false</tt></b>.
1700 
 
1701 
<li>    Some servers do not implement bitmap or pixmap displaying properly.
1702 
        This may appear as white or black rectangles where characters
1703 
        should appear; or characters may appear in "inverse video" (for
1704 
        instance, white on a black rectangle rather than black on white).
1705 
        If this happens, try setting
1706 
        <b><tt>useXPutImage</tt></b> to
1707 
        <b><tt>false</tt></b>.
1708 
</ul>
1709 
 
1710 
<h4><a name="X_fonts"></a>X fonts</h4>
1711 
 
1712 
<p>
1713 
To use native X11 fonts, Ghostscript must map PostScript font names to the
1714 
XLFD font names.  The resources <b><tt>regularFonts</tt></b>
1715 
(fonts available in standard or ISO-Latin-1 encoding),
1716 
<b><tt>symbolFonts</tt></b> (using Symbol encoding), and
1717 
<b><tt>dingbatFonts</tt></b> (using Dingbat encoding) give
1718 
the name mapping for different encodings.  The XLFD font name in the
1719 
mapping must contain 7 dashes; the X driver adds the additional size and
1720 
encoding fields to bring the total number of dashes in the font name to 14.
1721 
See the appendix "<a href="#X_font_mappings">X default font mappings</a>"
1722 
for the full list of default mappings.
1723 
 
1724 
<p>
1725 
Users who switch regularly between different X servers may wish to use the
1726 
"*" wild card in place of the foundry name
1727 
(<b><tt>itc</tt></b>,
1728 
<b><tt>monotype</tt></b>,
1729 
<b><tt>linotype</tt></b>,
1730 
<b><tt>b&amp;h</tt></b>, or
1731 
<b><tt>adobe</tt></b>); users who do not switch X servers
1732 
should leave the explicit foundry in the name, since it speeds up access to
1733 
fonts.
1734 
 
1735 
<p>
1736 
Ghostscript takes advantage of the "HP XLFD Enhancements," if available, to
1737 
use native X11 fonts for fonts that are anamorphically scaled, rotated, or
1738 
mirrored.  If the changes have been installed to the X or font server, they
1739 
are automatically used when appropriate.
1740 
 
1741 
<h4><a name="GS_fonts_as_X_fonts"></a>Using Ghostscript fonts on X displays</h4>
1742 
 
1743 
<p>
1744 
Font files distributed with Ghostscript can be used on X Windows displays.
1745 
You can find full instructions in the
1746 
<a href="Fonts.htm#Use_gs_fonts_with_X">documentation on fonts</a>.
1747 
 
1748 
<h4><a name="X_device_parameters"></a>X device parameters</h4>
1749 
 
1750 
<p>
1751 
In addition to the device parameters recognized by <a
1752 
href="Language.htm#Device_parameters">all devices</a>, Ghostscript's X
1753 
driver provides parameters to adjust its performance.  Users will rarely
1754 
need to modify these.  Note that these are parameters to be set with the
1755 
<b><tt>-d</tt></b> switch in the command line (e.g.,
1756 
<b><tt>-dMaxBitmap=10000000</tt></b>), not resources to be defined in the
1757 
<b><tt>~/.Xdefaults</tt></b> file.
1758 
 
1759 
<dl>
1760 
<dt><b><tt>AlwaysUpdate &lt;boolean&gt;</tt></b>
1761 
<dd>If <b><tt>true</tt></b>, the driver updates the screen after each
1762 
primitive drawing operation; if <b><tt>false</tt></b> (the default), the
1763 
driver uses an intelligent buffered updating algorithm.
1764 
</dl>
1765 
 
1766 
<dl>
1767 
<dt><b><tt>MaxBitmap &lt;integer&gt;</tt></b>
1768 
<dd>If the amount of memory required to hold the pixmap for the window is no
1769 
more than the value of <b><tt>MaxBitmap</tt></b>, the driver will draw to a
1770 
pixmap in Ghostscript's address space (called a "client-side pixmap") and
1771 
will copy it to the screen from time to time; if the amount of memory
1772 
required for the pixmap exceeds the value of <b><tt>MaxBitmap</tt></b>, the
1773 
driver will draw to a server pixmap.  Using a client-side pixmap usually
1774 
provides better performance -- for bitmap images, possibly much better
1775 
performance -- but since it may require quite a lot of RAM (e.g., about 2.2
1776 
Mb for a 24-bit 1024x768 window), the default value of
1777 
<b><tt>MaxBitmap</tt></b> is 0.
1778 
</dl>
1779 
 
1780 
<dl>
1781 
<dt><b><tt>MaxTempPixmap, MaxTempImage, MaxBufferedTotal, MaxBufferedArea,
1782 
MaxBufferedCount &lt;integer&gt;</tt></b>
1783 
<dd>These control various aspects of the driver's buffering behavior.  For
1784 
details, please consult the source file <b><tt>gdevx.h</tt></b>.
1785 
</dl>
1786 
 
1787 
<hr>
1788 
 
1789 
<h3><a name="SCO_Unix"></a>SCO Unix</h3>
1790 
 
1791 
<p>
1792 
Because of bugs in the SCO Unix kernel, Ghostscript will not work if you
1793 
select direct screen output and also allow it to write messages on the
1794 
console.  If you are using direct screen output, redirect Ghostscript's
1795 
terminal output to a file.
1796 
 
1797 
<hr>
1798 
 
1799 
<h2><a name="Options"></a>Command line options</h2>
1800 
 
1801 
<p>
1802 
Unless otherwise noted, these switches can be used on all platforms.
1803 
 
1804 
<h3><a name="General_switches"></a>General switches</h3>
1805 
 
1806 
<h4><a name="Input_control"></a>Input control</h4>
1807 
 
1808 
<dl>
1809 
<dt><b><tt>@</tt></b><em>filename</em>
1810 
<dd>Causes Ghostscript to read <em>filename</em> and treat its contents the
1811 
same as the command line.  (This was intended primarily for getting around
1812 
DOS's 128-character limit on the length of a command line.)  Switches or
1813 
file names in the file may be separated by any amount of white space
1814 
(space, tab, line break); there is no limit on the size of the file.
1815 
</dl>
1816 
 
1817 
<dl>
1818 
<dt><b><tt>--</tt></b> <em>filename arg1 ...</em>
1819 
<br><b><tt>-+</tt></b> <em>filename arg1 ...</em>
1820 
<dd>Takes the next argument as a file name as usual, but takes all
1821 
remaining arguments (even if they have the syntactic form of switches) and
1822 
defines the name <b><tt>ARGUMENTS</tt></b> in userdict (not systemdict) as
1823 
an array of those strings, <em>before</em> running the file.  When
1824 
Ghostscript finishes executing the file, it exits back to the shell.
1825 
</dl>
1826 
 
1827 
<dl>
1828 
<dt><b><tt>-@</tt></b> <em>filename arg1 ...</em>
1829 
<dd>Does the same thing as <b><tt>--</tt></b> and <b><tt>-+</tt></b>, but
1830 
expands <b><tt>@</tt></b><em>filename</em> arguments.
1831 
</dl>
1832 
 
1833 
<dl>
1834 
<dt><b><tt>-</tt></b>
1835 
<br><b><tt>-_</tt></b>
1836 
<dd>These are not really switches: they tell Ghostscript to read from
1837 
standard input, which is coming from a file or a pipe,
1838 
with or without buffering.
1839 
On some systems, Ghostscript may read the input one character at a time,
1840 
which is useful for programs such as ghostview that generate input for
1841 
Ghostscript dynamically and watch for some response, but can slow processing.
1842 
If performance is significantly slower than with a named file,
1843 
try '<tt>-_</tt>' which always reads the input in blocks.
1844 
However, '<tt>-</tt>' is equivalent on most systems.
1845 
</dl>
1846 
 
1847 
<dl>
1848 
<dt><b><tt>-c</tt></b> <em>tokens ...</em>
1849 
<dd>Interprets arguments as PostScript code up to the next argument that
1850 
begins with "<b><tt>-</tt></b>" followed by a non-digit, or with
1851 
"<b><tt>@</tt></b>".  For example, if the file <b><tt>quit.ps</tt></b>
1852 
contains just the word "<b><tt>quit</tt></b>", then
1853 
<b><tt>-c&nbsp;quit</tt></b> on the command line is equivalent to
1854 
<b><tt>quit.ps</tt></b> there.  Each argument must be exactly one token, as
1855 
defined by the <b><tt>token</tt></b> operator.
1856 
</dl>
1857 
 
1858 
<dl>
1859 
<dt><b><tt>-f</tt></b>
1860 
<dd>Interprets following non-switch arguments as file names to be executed
1861 
using the normal <b><tt>run</tt></b> command.  Since this is the default
1862 
behavior, <b><tt>-f</tt></b> is useful only for terminating the list of
1863 
tokens for the <b><tt>-c</tt></b> switch.
1864 
</dl>
1865 
 
1866 
<dl>
1867 
<dt><b><tt>-f</tt></b><em>filename</em>
1868 
<dd>Execute the given file, even if its name begins with a
1869 
"<b><tt>-</tt></b>" or "<b><tt>@</tt></b>".
1870 
</dl>
1871 
 
1872 
<h4><a name="File_searching"></a>File searching</h4>
1873 
 
1874 
<p>
1875 
Note that by "library files" here we mean all the files identified using
1876 
the search rule under "<a href="#Finding_files">How Ghostscript finds
1877 
files</a>" above: Ghostscript's own initialization files, fonts, and files
1878 
named on the command line.
1879 
 
1880 
<dl>
1881 
<dt><a name="I_switch"></a><b><tt>-I</tt></b><em>directories</em>
1882 
<dd>Adds the designated list of directories at the head of the search path
1883 
for library files.
1884 
</dl>
1885 
 
1886 
<dl>
1887 
<dt><a name="P_switch"></a><b><tt>-P</tt></b>
1888 
<dd>Makes Ghostscript look first in the current directory for library
1889 
files.  This is currently the default.
1890 
</dl>
1891 
 
1892 
<dl>
1893 
<dt><a name="P-_switch"></a><b><tt>-P-</tt></b>
1894 
<dd>Makes Ghostscript <b><em>not</em></b> look first in the current
1895 
directory for library files (unless, of course, the first explicitly
1896 
supplied directory is "<b><tt>.</tt></b>").
1897 
</dl>
1898 
 
1899 
<h4><a name="Parameters"></a>Setting parameters</h4>
1900 
 
1901 
<dl>
1902 
<dt><b><tt>-D</tt></b><em>name</em>
1903 
<br><b><tt>-d</tt></b><em>name</em>
1904 
<dd>Define a name in systemdict with value=true.
1905 
</dl>
1906 
 
1907 
<dl>
1908 
<dt><b><tt>-D</tt></b><em>name</em><b><tt>=</tt></b><em>token</em>
1909 
<br><b><tt>-d</tt></b><em>name</em><b><tt>=</tt></b><em>token</em>
1910 
<dd>Define a name in systemdict with the given definition.  The token must
1911 
be exactly one token (as defined by the <b><tt>token</tt></b> operator) and
1912 
must not contain any whitespace.  If the token is a non-literal name, it
1913 
must be true, false, or null.
1914 
</dl>
1915 
 
1916 
<dl>
1917 
<dt><b><tt>-S</tt></b><em>name</em><b><tt>=</tt></b><em>string</em>
1918 
<br><b><tt>-s</tt></b><em>name</em><b><tt>=</tt></b><em>string</em>
1919 
<dd>Define a name in systemdict with a given string as value.  This is
1920 
different from <b><tt>-d</tt></b>.  For example, <b><tt>-dXYZ=35</tt></b>
1921 
on the command line is equivalent to the program fragment
1922 
 
1923 
<blockquote><b><tt>
1924 
/XYZ 35 def
1925 
</tt></b></blockquote>
1926 
 
1927 
<p>
1928 
whereas <b><tt>-sXYZ=35</tt></b> is equivalent to
1929 
 
1930 
<blockquote><b><tt>
1931 
/XYZ (35) def
1932 
</tt></b></blockquote>
1933 
</dl>
1934 
 
1935 
<dl>
1936 
<dt><b><tt>-u</tt></b><em>name</em>
1937 
<dd>Un-define a name, cancelling <b><tt>-d</tt></b> or <b><tt>-s</tt></b>.
1938 
</dl>
1939 
 
1940 
<p>
1941 
Note that the initialization file <b><tt>gs_init.ps</tt></b> makes
1942 
<b><tt>systemdict</tt></b> read-only, so the values of names defined with
1943 
<b><tt>-D</tt></b>, <b><tt>-d</tt></b>, <b><tt>-S</tt></b>, and
1944 
<b><tt>-s</tt></b> cannot be changed -- although, of course, they can be
1945 
superseded by definitions in <b><tt>userdict</tt></b> or other dictionaries.
1946 
However, device parameters set this way (<b><tt>PageSize</tt></b>,
1947 
<b><tt>Margins</tt></b>, etc.) are <em>not</em> read-only, and <em>can</em>
1948 
be changed by code in PostScript files.
1949 
 
1950 
<dl>
1951 
<dt><b><tt>-g</tt></b><em>number1</em><b><tt>x</tt></b><em>number2</em>
1952 
<dd>Equivalent to <b><tt>-dDEVICEWIDTH=</tt></b><em>number1</em> and
1953 
<b><tt>-dDEVICEHEIGHT=</tt></b><em>number2</em>, specifying the device
1954 
width and height in pixels for the benefit of devices such as X11 windows
1955 
and VESA displays that require (or allow) you to specify width and height.
1956 
Note that this causes documents of other sizes to be clipped, not scaled:
1957 
see <b><tt>-dFIXEDMEDIA</tt></b> below.
1958 
</dl>
1959 
 
1960 
<dl>
1961 
<dt><a name="Resolution_switch"></a><b><tt>-r</tt></b><em>number</em> (same
1962 
as <b><tt>-r</tt></b><em>number</em><b><tt>x</tt></b><em>number</em>)
1963 
<br><b><tt>-r</tt></b><em>number1</em><b><tt>x</tt></b><em>number2</em>
1964 
<dd>Equivalent to <b><tt>-dDEVICEXRESOLUTION=</tt></b><em>number1</em> and
1965 
<b><tt>-dDEVICEYRESOLUTION=</tt></b><em>number2</em>, specifying the device
1966 
horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels per inch for the benefit of
1967 
devices such as printers that support multiple X and Y resolutions.
1968 
</dl>
1969 
 
1970 
<h4><a name="Quiet"></a>Suppress messages</h4>
1971 
 
1972 
<dl>
1973 
<dt><a name="Quiet"></a><b><tt>-q</tt></b>
1974 
<dd>Quiet startup: suppress normal startup messages, and also do the
1975 
equivalent of <a href="#dQUIET"><b><tt>-dQUIET</tt></b></a>.
1976 
</dl>
1977 
 
1978 
<h3><a name="Parameter_switches"></a>Parameter switches (<b><tt>-d</tt></b> and <b><tt>-s</tt></b>)</h3>
1979 
 
1980 
<p>
1981 
As noted above, <b><tt>-d</tt></b> and <b><tt>-s</tt></b> define initial
1982 
values for PostScript names.  Some of these names are parameters that
1983 
control the interpreter or the graphics engine.  You can also use
1984 
<b><tt>-d</tt></b> or <b><tt>-s</tt></b> to define a value for any device
1985 
parameter of the initial device (the one defined with
1986 
<b><tt>-sDEVICE=</tt></b>, or the default device if this switch is not
1987 
used).  For example, since the <b><tt>ppmraw</tt></b> device has a numeric
1988 
<b><tt>GrayValues</tt></b> parameter that controls the number of bits per
1989 
component, <b><tt>-sDEVICE=ppmraw -dGrayValues=16</tt></b> will make this
1990 
the default device and set the number of bits per component to 4 (log2(16)).
1991 
 
1992 
<h4><a name="Rendering_parameters"></a>Rendering parameters</h4>
1993 
 
1994 
<dl>
1995 
<dt><b><tt>-dCOLORSCREEN
1996 
<br>-dCOLORSCREEN=0
1997 
<br>-dCOLORSCREEN=false</tt></b>
1998 
<dd>On high-resolution devices (at least 150 dpi resolution, or
1999 
<b><tt>-dDITHERPPI</tt></b> specified), <b><tt>-dCOLORSCREEN</tt></b>
2000 
forces the use of separate halftone screens with different angles for CMYK
2001 
or RGB if halftones are needed (this produces the best-quality output);
2002 
<b><tt>-dCOLORSCREEN=0</tt></b> uses separate screens with the same
2003 
frequency and angle; <b><tt>-dCOLORSCREEN=false</tt></b> forces the use of
2004 
a single binary screen.  The default if <b><tt>COLORSCREEN</tt></b> is not
2005 
specified is to use separate screens with different angles if the device
2006 
has fewer than 5 bits per color, and a single binary screen (which is never
2007 
actually used under normal circumstances) on all other devices.
2008 
</dl>
2009 
 
2010 
<dl>
2011 
<dt><b><tt>-dDITHERPPI=</tt></b><em>lpi</em>
2012 
<dd>Forces all devices to be considered high-resolution, and forces use of
2013 
a halftone screen or screens with <em>lpi</em> lines per inch, disregarding
2014 
the actual device resolution.  Reasonable values for <em>lpi</em> are
2015 
<b><em>N</em></b>/5 to <b><em>N</em></b>/20, where <b><em>N</em></b> is the
2016 
resolution in dots per inch.
2017 
</dl>
2018 
 
2019 
<dl>
2020 
<dt><b><tt>-dDOINTERPOLATE</tt></b>
2021 
<dd>Turns on image interpolation for all images, improving image quality for
2022 
scaled images at the expense of speed.  Note that
2023 
<b><tt>-dNOINTERPOLATE</tt></b> overrides <b><tt>-dDOINTERPOLATE</tt></b> if
2024 
both are specified.
2025 
</dl>
2026 
 
2027 
<dl>
2028 
<dt><b><tt>-dTextAlphaBits=</tt></b><em>n</em>
2029 
<dt><b><tt>-dGraphicsAlphaBits=</tt></b><em>n</em>
2030 
<dd>These options control the use of subsample antialiasing. Their use is highly recommended for producing high quality rasterizations. The subsampling box size <em>n</em> should be 4 for optimum output, but smaller values can be used for faster rendering. Antialiasing is enabled separately for text and graphics content.
2031 
Allowed values are 1, 2 or 4.
2032 
<p>
2033 
Note that because of the way antialiasing blends the edges of shapes into the background when
2034 
they are drawn some files that rely on joining separate filled polygons together to cover
2035 
an area may not render as expected with <tt>GraphicsAlphaBits</tt> at 2 or 4. If you encounter
2036 
strange lines within solid areas, try rendering that file again with
2037 
<tt>-dGraphicsAlphaBits=1</tt>.
2038 
</dl>
2039 
 
2040 
<dl>
2041 
<dt><b><tt>-dAlignToPixels=</tt></b><em>n</em>
2042 
<dd>Chooses glyph alignent to integral pixel boundaries (if set to the value 1)
2043 
or to subpixels (value 0). Subpixels are a smaller raster grid
2044 
which is used internally for text antialiasing.
2045 
The number of subpixels in a pixel usually is <tt>2^TextAlphaBits</tt>,
2046 
but this may be automatically reduced for big characters to save space
2047 
in character cache.
2048 
 
2049 
<p>
2050 
The parameter has no effect if <b><tt>-dTextAlphaBits=1</tt></b>.
2051 
Default value is 0.
2052 
 
2053 
<p>
2054 
Setting <b><tt>-dAlignToPixels=0</tt></b> can improve rendering
2055 
of poorly hinted fonts, but may impair the appearance of well-hinted fonts.
2056 
</dl>
2057 
 
2058 
<dl>
2059 
<dt><b><tt>-dGridFitTT=</tt></b><em>n</em>
2060 
<dd> This specifies the initial value for the implementation specific
2061 
user parameter <a href="Language.htm#GridFitTT">GridFitTT</a>.
2062 
It controls grid fitting of True Type fonts
2063 
(Sometimes referred to as "hinting", but strictly speaking
2064 
the latter is a feature of Type 1 fonts).
2065 
Setting this to 2 enables automatic grid fitting for True Type glyphs.
2066 
The value 0 disables grid fitting. The default value is 2.
2067 
For more information see the description of the user parameter
2068 
<a href="Language.htm#GridFitTT">GridFitTT</a>.
2069 
 
2070 
</dl>
2071 
 
2072 
<dl>
2073 
<dt><b><tt>-dUseCIEColor</tt></b>
2074 
<dd>Set UseCIEColor in the page device dictionary, remapping device-dependent
2075 
color values through a CIE color space. This can can improve conversion
2076 
of CMYK documents to RGB.
2077 
</dl>
2078 
 
2079 
<dl>
2080 
<dt><b><tt>-dNOCIE</tt></b>
2081 
<dd>Substitutes <b><tt>DeviceGray</tt></b> and <b><tt>DeviceRGB</tt></b>
2082 
for CIEBasedA and CIEBasedABC color spaces respectively.  Useful only on
2083 
very slow systems where color accuracy is less important.
2084 
</dl>
2085 
 
2086 
<dl>
2087 
<dt><b><tt>-dNOSUBSTDEVICECOLORS</tt></b>
2088 
<dd>This switch prevents the substitution of the <b><tt>ColorSpace</tt></b>
2089 
resources (<b><tt>DefaultGray</tt></b>, <b><tt>DefaultRGB</tt></b>, and
2090 
<b><tt>DefaultCMYK</tt></b>) for the <b><tt>DeviceGray</tt></b>,
2091 
<b><tt>DeviceRGB</tt></b>, and <b><tt>DeviceCMYK</tt></b> color spaces.
2092 
This switch is primarily useful for PDF creation using the <tt><b>pdfwrite</b></tt>
2093 
device when retaining the color spaces from the original document is
2094 
important.
2095 
</dl>
2096 
 
2097 
<dl>
2098 
<dt><b><tt>-dNOPSICC</tt></b>
2099 
<dd>Disables the automatic loading and use of an input color space that is
2100 
contained in a PostScript file as DSC comments starting with the %%BeginICCProfile:
2101 
comment. ICC profiles are sometimes embedded by applications to convey the exact
2102 
input color space allowing better color fidelity. Since the embedded ICC profiles
2103 
often use multidimensional RenderTables, color conversion may be slower than using
2104 
the Default color conversion invoked when the <b><tt>-dUseCIEColor</tt></b>
2105 
option is specified, therefore the <b><tt>-dNOPSICC</tt></b> option may result
2106 
in improved performance at slightly reduced color fidelity.
2107 
</dl>
2108 
 
2109 
<dl>
2110 
<dt><b><tt>-dNOINTERPOLATE</tt></b>
2111 
<dd>Turns off image interpolation, improving performance on interpolated
2112 
images at the expense of image quality.  <b><tt>-dNOINTERPOLATE</tt></b>
2113 
overrides <b><tt>-dDOINTERPOLATE</tt></b>.
2114 
</dl>
2115 
 
2116 
<dl>
2117 
<dt><b><tt>-dNOTRANSPARENCY</tt></b>
2118 
<dd>Turns off PDF 1.4 transparency, resulting in faster (but possibly
2119 
incorrect) rendering of pages containing PDF 1.4 transparency and
2120 
blending.
2121 
</dl>
2122 
 
2123 
<dl>
2124 
<dt><b><tt>-dNO_TN5044</tt></b>
2125 
<dd>Turns off the TN 5044 psuedo operators. These psuedo operators are not a part
2126 
of the official Postscript specification. However they are defined in <i>Technical
2127 
Note #5044 Color Separation Conventions for PostScript Language Programs</i>.
2128 
These psuedo operators are required for some files from QuarkXPress. However some
2129 
files from Corel 9 and Illustrator 88 do not operate properly if these operators
2130 
are present.
2131 
</dl>
2132 
 
2133 
<dl>
2134 
<dt><b><tt>-dDOPS</tt></b>
2135 
<dd>Enables processing of DoPS directives in PDF files. DoPS has in
2136 
fact been deprecated for some time. Use of this option is not
2137 
recommended in security-conscious applications, as it increases the
2138 
scope for malicious code. <b><tt>-dDOPS</tt></b> has no effect on
2139 
processing of PostScript source files. Note: in releases 7.30 and
2140 
earlier, processing of DoPS was always enabled.
2141 
</dl>
2142 
 
2143 
<h4><a name="Page_parameters"></a>Page parameters</h4>
2144 
 
2145 
<dl>
2146 
<dt><a name="FIXEDMEDIA"></a><b><tt>-dFIXEDMEDIA</tt></b>
2147 
<dd>Causes the media size to be fixed after initialization, forcing pages
2148 
of other sizes or orientations to be clipped.  This may be useful when
2149 
printing documents on a printer that can handle their requested paper size
2150 
but whose default is some other size.  Note that <b><tt>-g</tt></b>
2151 
automatically sets <b><tt>-dFIXEDMEDIA</tt></b>, but
2152 
<b><tt>-sPAPERSIZE=</tt></b> does not.
2153 
</dl>
2154 
 
2155 
<dl>
2156 
<dt><b><tt>-dFIXEDRESOLUTION</tt></b>
2157 
<dd>Causes the media resolution to be fixed similarly.  <b><tt>-r</tt></b>
2158 
automatically sets <b><tt>-dFIXEDRESOLUTION</tt></b>.
2159 
</dl>
2160 
 
2161 
<dl>
2162 
<dt><b><tt>-dORIENT1=true
2163 
<br>-dORIENT1=false</tt></b>
2164 
<dd>Defines the meaning of the 0 and 1 orientation values for the
2165 
setpage[params] compatibility operators.  The default value of
2166 
<b><tt>ORIENT1</tt></b> is true (set in <b><tt>gs_init.ps</tt></b>), which
2167 
is the correct value for most files that use setpage[params] at all,
2168 
namely, files produced by badly designed applications that "know" that the
2169 
output will be printed on certain roll-media printers: these applications
2170 
use 0 to mean landscape and 1 to mean portrait.
2171 
<b><tt>-dORIENT1=false</tt></b> declares that 0 means portrait and 1 means
2172 
landscape, which is the convention used by a smaller number of files
2173 
produced by properly written applications.
2174 
</dl>
2175 
 
2176 
<dl>
2177 
<dt><b><tt>-dDEVICEWIDTHPOINTS=</tt></b><em>w</em>
2178 
<br><b><tt>-dDEVICEHEIGHTPOINTS=</tt></b><em>h</em>
2179 
<dd>Sets the initial page width to <em>w</em> or initial page height to
2180 
<em>h</em> respectively, specified in 1/72" units.
2181 
</dl>
2182 
 
2183 
<dl>
2184 
<dt><b><tt>-sDEFAULTPAPERSIZE=</tt></b><em>a4</em>
2185 
<dd>
2186 
This value will be used to replace the device default papersize ONLY
2187 
if the default papersize for the device is 'letter' or 'a4' serving
2188 
to insulate users of A4 or 8.5x11 from particular device defaults
2189 
(the collection of contributed drivers in Ghostscript vary as to
2190 
the default size).
2191 
</dd>
2192 
</dl>
2193 
 
2194 
<h4><a name="Font_related_parameters"></a>Font-related parameters</h4>
2195 
 
2196 
<dl>
2197 
<dt><a name="DISKFONTS"></a><b><tt>-dDISKFONTS</tt></b>
2198 
<dd>Causes individual character outlines to be loaded from the disk the
2199 
first time they are encountered.  (Normally Ghostscript loads all the
2200 
character outlines when it loads a font.)  This may allow loading more
2201 
fonts into memory at the expense of slower rendering.
2202 
<b><tt>DISKFONTS</tt></b> is effective only if the diskfont feature was
2203 
built into the executable; otherwise it is ignored.
2204 
</dl>
2205 
 
2206 
<dl>
2207 
<dt><b><tt>-dLOCALFONTS</tt></b>
2208 
<dd>Causes Type 1 fonts to be loaded into the current VM -- normally local
2209 
VM -- instead of always being loaded into global VM.  Useful only for
2210 
compatibility with Adobe printers for loading some obsolete fonts.
2211 
</dl>
2212 
 
2213 
<dl>
2214 
<dt><b><tt>-dNOCCFONTS</tt></b>
2215 
<dd>Suppresses the use of fonts precompiled into the Ghostscript executable.
2216 
See <a href="Fonts.htm#Precompiling">"Precompiling fonts"</a> in the
2217 
documentation on fonts for details.  This is probably useful only for
2218 
debugging.
2219 
</dl>
2220 
 
2221 
<dl>
2222 
<dt><a name="FONTMAP_switch"></a><b><tt>-dNOFONTMAP</tt></b>
2223 
<dd>Suppresses the normal loading of the Fontmap file.  This may be useful
2224 
in environments without a file system.
2225 
</dl>
2226 
 
2227 
<dl>
2228 
<dt><b><tt>-dNOFONTPATH</tt></b>
2229 
<dd>Suppresses consultation of <b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b>.  This may be
2230 
useful for debugging.
2231 
</dl>
2232 
 
2233 
<dl>
2234 
<dt><b><tt>-dNOPLATFONTS</tt></b>
2235 
<dd>Disables the use of fonts supplied by the underlying platform (X
2236 
Windows or Microsoft Windows).  This may be needed if the platform fonts
2237 
look undesirably different from the scalable fonts.
2238 
</dl>
2239 
 
2240 
<dl>
2241 
<dt><b><tt>-sFONTMAP=</tt></b><em>filename1</em><b><tt>;</tt></b><em>filename2</em><b><tt>;</tt></b><em>...</em>
2242 
<dd>Specifies alternate name or names for the Fontmap file.  Note that the
2243 
names are separated by "<b><tt>:</tt></b>" on Unix systems, by
2244 
"<b><tt>;</tt></b>" on MS Windows systems, and by
2245 
"<b><tt>,</tt></b>" on VMS systems, just as for search paths.
2246 
</dl>
2247 
 
2248 
<dl>
2249 
<dt><b><tt>-sFONTPATH=</tt></b><em>dir1</em><b><tt>;</tt></b><em>dir2</em><b><tt>;</tt></b><em>...</em>
2250 
<dd>Specifies a list of directories that will be scanned when looking for
2251 
fonts not found on the search path, overriding the environment variable
2252 
<b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b>.
2253 
</dl>
2254 
 
2255 
<dl>
2256 
<dt><b><tt>-sSUBSTFONT=</tt></b><em>fontname</em>
2257 
<dd>Causes the given font to be substituted for all unknown fonts, instead
2258 
of using the normal intelligent substitution algorithm.  Also, in this
2259 
case, the font returned by <b><tt>findfont</tt></b> is the actual font
2260 
named <em>fontname</em>, not a copy of the font with its
2261 
<b><tt>FontName</tt></b> changed to the requested one.
2262 
THIS OPTION SHOULD NOT BE USED WITH HIGH LEVEL DEVICES, such as
2263 
<b><tt>pdfwrite</tt></b>, because it prevents such devices from
2264 
providing the original font names in the output document. The
2265 
font specified (<em>fontname</em>) will be embedded instead,
2266 
limiting all future users of the document to the same approximate
2267 
rendering.
2268 
</dl>
2269 
 
2270 
<h4><a name="Resource_related_parameters"></a>Resource-related parameters</h4>
2271 
 
2272 
<dl>
2273 
<dt><a name="GenericResourceDir"></a><b><tt>-sGenericResourceDir=path</tt></b>
2274 
<dd>Specifies a path to resource files.
2275 
The value is platform dependent. It must end with a directory separator.
2276 
<p>
2277 
Adobe specifies <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b> to be an absolute path
2278 
to a single resource directory. Ghostscript instead maintains
2279 
multiple resource directories and uses an extended method for finding
2280 
resources, which is explained in
2281 
<a href="PS_resources">"Finding PostScript Level 2 resources"</a>.
2282 
<p>
2283 
Due to the extended search method, Ghostscript uses <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b>
2284 
only as a default directory for resources being not installed.
2285 
Therefore <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b> may be considered as a place
2286 
where new resources to be installed. The default implementation of the function
2287 
<b><tt>ResourceFileName</tt></b> uses <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b> when
2288 
(1) it is an absolute path, or (2) the resource file is absent.
2289 
The extended search method does not call <b><tt>ResourceFileName</tt></b> .
2290 
<p>
2291 
Default value is <tt><b>(./Resource/)</b></tt> for Unix, and an equivalent one on other
2292 
platforms.
2293 
</dl>
2294 
 
2295 
<dl>
2296 
<dt><a name="FontResourceDir"></a><b><tt>-sFontResourceDir=path</tt></b>
2297 
<dd>Specifies a path where font files are installed.
2298 
It's meaning is similar to <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b>.
2299 
 
2300 
<p>
2301 
Default value is <tt><b>(./Font/)</b></tt> for Unix, and an equivalent one on other
2302 
platforms.
2303 
</dl>
2304 
 
2305 
 
2306 
 
2307 
<h4><a name="Interaction_related_parameters"></a>Interaction-related parameters</h4>
2308 
 
2309 
<dl>
2310 
<dt><b><tt>-dBATCH</tt></b>
2311 
<dd>Causes Ghostscript to exit after processing all files named on the
2312 
command line, rather than going into an interactive loop reading PostScript
2313 
commands.  Equivalent to putting -c quit at the end of the command line.
2314 
</dl>
2315 
 
2316 
<dl>
2317 
<dt><b><tt>-dNOPAGEPROMPT</tt></b>
2318 
<dd>Disables only the prompt, but not the pause, at the end of each page.
2319 
This may be useful on PC displays that get confused if a program attempts
2320 
to write text to the console while the display is in a graphics mode.
2321 
</dl>
2322 
 
2323 
<dl>
2324 
<dt><a name="NoPause"></a><b><tt>-dNOPAUSE</tt></b>
2325 
<dd>Disables the prompt and pause at the end of each page.  Normally one
2326 
should use this (along with <b><tt>-dBATCH</tt></b>) when producing output
2327 
on a printer or to a file; it also may be desirable for applications where
2328 
another program is "driving" Ghostscript.
2329 
</dl>
2330 
 
2331 
<dl>
2332 
<dt><b><tt>-dNOPROMPT</tt></b>
2333 
<dd>Disables the prompt printed by Ghostscript when it expects interactive
2334 
input, as well as the end-of-page prompt (<b><tt>-dNOPAGEPROMPT</tt></b>);
2335 
also disables the implicit <b><tt>flushpage</tt></b> that normally occurs
2336 
each time Ghostscript asks for more input.  This allows piping input
2337 
directly into Ghostscript, as long as the data doesn't refer to
2338 
<b><tt>currentfile</tt></b>.
2339 
</dl>
2340 
 
2341 
<dl>
2342 
<dt><a name="dQUIET"></a><b><tt>-dQUIET</tt></b>
2343 
<dd>Suppresses routine information comments on standard output.  This is
2344 
currently necessary when redirecting device output to standard output.
2345 
</dl>
2346 
 
2347 
<dl>
2348 
<dt><b><tt>-dSHORTERRORS</tt></b>
2349 
<dd>Makes certain error and information messages more Adobe-compatible.
2350 
</dl>
2351 
 
2352 
<dl>
2353 
<dt><b><tt>-sstdout=</tt></b><em>filename</em>
2354 
<dd>Redirect PostScript <b><tt>%stdout</tt></b> to a file or
2355 
<b><tt>stderr</tt></b>, to avoid it being mixed with device stdout.
2356 
To redirect stdout to stderr use <b><tt>-sstdout=%stderr</tt></b>.
2357 
To cancel redirection of stdout use <b><tt>-sstdout=%stdout</tt></b>
2358 
or <b><tt>-sstdout=-</tt></b>.
2359 
</dl>
2360 
 
2361 
<dl>
2362 
<dt><b><tt>-dTTYPAUSE</tt></b>
2363 
<dd>Causes Ghostscript to read a character from <b><tt>/dev/tty</tt></b>,
2364 
rather than standard input, at the end of each page.  This may be useful if
2365 
input is coming from a pipe.  Note that <b><tt>-dTTYPAUSE</tt></b>
2366 
overrides <b><tt>-dNOPAUSE</tt></b>.
2367 
</dl>
2368 
 
2369 
<h4><a name="Output_selection_parameters"></a>Device and output selection parameters</h4>
2370 
 
2371 
<dl>
2372 
<dt><b><tt>-dNODISPLAY</tt></b>
2373 
<dd>Initializes Ghostscript with a null device (a device that discards the
2374 
output image) rather than the default device or the device selected with
2375 
<b><tt>-sDEVICE=</tt></b>.  This is usually useful only when running
2376 
PostScript code whose purpose is to compute something rather than to
2377 
produce an output image; for instance, when converting PostScript to PDF.
2378 
</dl>
2379 
 
2380 
<dl>
2381 
<dt><a name="DEVICE_switch"></a><b><tt>-sDEVICE=</tt></b><em>device</em>
2382 
<dd>Selects an alternate <a href="#Output_device">initial output
2383 
device</a>.
2384 
</dl>
2385 
 
2386 
<dl>
2387 
<dt><b><tt>-sOutputFile=</tt></b><em>filename</em>
2388 
<dd>Selects an alternate output file (or pipe) for the initial output
2389 
device, as described above.
2390 
</dl>
2391 
 
2392 
<h4><a name="EPS_parameters"></a>EPS parameters</h4>
2393 
 
2394 
<dl>
2395 
<dt><b><tt>-dEPSCrop</tt></b>
2396 
<dd>Crop an EPS file to the bounding box.
2397 
This is useful when converting an EPS file to a bitmap.
2398 
</dl>
2399 
 
2400 
<dl>
2401 
<dt><b><tt>-dEPSFitPage</tt></b>
2402 
<dd>Resize an EPS file to fit the page.
2403 
This is useful for enlarging an EPS file to fit the paper size when printing.
2404 
</dl>
2405 
 
2406 
<dl>
2407 
<dt><b><tt>-dNOEPS</tt></b>
2408 
<dd>Prevent special processing of EPS files.
2409 
This is useful when EPS files have incorrect Document
2410 
Structuring Convention comments.
2411 
</dl>
2412 
 
2413 
<h4><a name="Other_parameters"></a>Other parameters</h4>
2414 
 
2415 
<dl>
2416 
<dt><b><tt>-dDELAYBIND</tt></b>
2417 
<dd>Causes <b><tt>bind</tt></b> to remember all its invocations, but not
2418 
actually execute them until the <b><tt>.bindnow</tt></b> procedure is
2419 
called.  Useful only for certain specialized packages like
2420 
<b><tt>pstotext</tt></b> that redefine operators. See the documentation
2421 
for <a href="Language.htm#bindnow"><tt>.bindnow</tt></a> for more information
2422 
on using this feature.
2423 
</dl>
2424 
 
2425 
<dl>
2426 
<dt><b><tt>-dDOPDFMARKS</tt></b>
2427 
<dd>Causes <b><tt>pdfmark</tt></b> to be called for bookmarks,
2428 
annotations, links and cropbox when processing PDF files.
2429 
Normally, <b><tt>pdfmark</tt></b> is only called for these types
2430 
for PostScript files or when the output device requests it
2431 
(e.g. pdfwrite device).
2432 
</dl>
2433 
 
2434 
<dl>
2435 
<dt><b><tt>-dJOBSERVER</tt></b>
2436 
<dd>Define <tt>\004 (^D)</tt> to start a new encapsulated job used for
2437 
compatibility with Adobe PS Interpreters that ordinarily run under a job
2438 
server. The <b><tt>-dNOOUTERSAVE</tt></b> switch is ignored if <b><tt>-dJOBSERVER</tt></b>
2439 
is specified since job servers <b>always</b> execute the input PostScript
2440 
under a save level, although the <b><tt>exitserver</tt></b> operator can
2441 
be used to escape from the encapsulated job and execute as if the
2442 
<b><tt>-dNOOUTERSAVE</tt></b> was specified.
2443 
<p>
2444 
This also requires that the input be from stdin, otherwise an error will
2445 
result (<tt>Error: /invalidrestore in --restore--</tt>).
2446 
<p>Example usage is:
2447 
<pre>
2448 
    gs ... -dJOBSERVER - < inputfile.ps
2449 
                     -or-
2450 
    cat inputfile.ps | gs ... -dJOBSERVER -
2451 
</pre>
2452 
<b>Note: </b>The <tt>^D</tt> does not result in an end-of-file action
2453 
on stdin as it may on some PostScript printers that rely on TBCP (Tagged
2454 
Binary Communication Protocol) to cause an out-of-band <tt>^D</tt> to
2455 
signal EOF in a stream input data. This means that direct file actions
2456 
on stdin such as <b><tt>flushfile</tt></b> and <b><tt>closefile</tt></b>
2457 
will affect processing of data beyond the <tt>^D</tt> in the stream.
2458 
</dl>
2459 
 
2460 
<dl>
2461 
<dt><b><tt>-dNOBIND</tt></b>
2462 
<dd>Disables the <b><tt>bind</tt></b> operator.  Useful only for debugging.
2463 
</dl>
2464 
 
2465 
<dl>
2466 
<dt><b><tt>-dNOCACHE</tt></b>
2467 
<dd>Disables character caching.  Useful only for debugging.
2468 
</dl>
2469 
 
2470 
<dl>
2471 
<dt><b><tt>-dNOGC</tt></b>
2472 
<dd>Suppresses the initial automatic enabling of the garbage collector in
2473 
Level 2 systems.  (The <b><tt>vmreclaim</tt></b> operator is not disabled.)
2474 
Useful only for debugging.
2475 
</dl>
2476 
 
2477 
<dl>
2478 
<dt><b><tt>-dNOOUTERSAVE</tt></b>
2479 
<dd>Suppresses the initial save that is used for compatibility with Adobe
2480 
PS Interpreters that ordinarily run under a job server. If a job server is
2481 
going to be used to set up the outermost save level, then <b><tt>-dNOOUTERSAVE</tt></b>
2482 
should be used so that the restore between jobs will restore global VM as
2483 
expected.
2484 
</dl>
2485 
 
2486 
<dl>
2487 
<dt><b><tt>-dNOSAFER</tt></b> (equivalent to <b><tt>-dDELAYSAFER</tt></b>).
2488 
<dd>This flag disables SAFER mode until the <b><tt>.setsafe</tt></b>
2489 
procedure is run. This is intended for clients or scripts that cannot
2490 
operate in SAFER mode. If Ghostscript is started with <b><tt>-dNOSAFER</tt></b>
2491 
or <b><tt>-dDELAYSAFER</tt></b>, PostScript programs are allowed to read, write,
2492 
rename or delete any files in the system that are not protected by operating
2493 
system permissions.
2494 
<p><b>This mode should be used with caution, and <tt>.setsafe</tt> should be
2495 
run prior to running any PostScript file with unknown contents.</b>
2496 
</dl>
2497 
 
2498 
<a name="Safer"></a>
2499 
<dl>
2500 
<dt><b><tt>-dSAFER</tt></b>
2501 
<dd>Disables the <b><tt>deletefile</tt></b> and <b><tt>renamefile</tt></b>
2502 
operators, and the ability to open piped commands (<b><tt>%pipe%</tt></b><em>cmd</em>)
2503 
at all. Only <b><tt>%stdout</tt></b> and <b><tt>%stderr</tt></b> can be opened
2504 
for writing.  Disables reading of files other than <b><tt>%stdin</tt></b>,
2505 
those given as a command line argument, or those contained on one of the paths
2506 
given by LIBPATH and FONTPATH and specified by the system params /FontResourceDir
2507 
and /GenericResourceDir.
2508 
<p>
2509 
This mode also sets the <a href="Language.htm#LockSafetyParams">.LockSafetyParams</a>
2510 
parameter of the default device, or the device specified with the <b><tt>-sDEVICE= </tt></b>
2511 
switch to protect against programs that attempt to write to files using the
2512 
OutputFile device parameter. Note that since the device parameters specified
2513 
on the command line (including OutputFile) are set prior to SAFER mode,
2514 
the <b><tt>-sOutputFile=...</tt></b> on the command line is unrestricted.
2515 
<p>
2516 
SAFER mode also prevents changing the /GenericResourceDir, /FontResourceDir
2517 
and either the /SystemParamsPassword or the /StartJobPassword.
2518 
<p>
2519 
<b>Note: </b>While SAFER mode is not the default, in a subsequent release of
2520 
Ghostscript, SAFER mode will be the default thus scripts or programs that need
2521 
to open files or set restricted parameters will require the <b><tt>-dNOSAFER</tt></b>
2522 
command line option.
2523 
<p>
2524 
When running -dNOSAFER it is possible to perform a <b><tt>save</tt></b>,
2525 
followed by <b><tt>.setsafe</tt></b>, execute a file or procedure in SAFER mode,
2526 
then use <b><tt>restore</tt></b> to return to NOSAFER mode. In order to prevent
2527 
the save object from being restored by the foreign file or procedure, the
2528 
<a href="Language.htm#Runandhide"><b>.runandhide</b></a> operator should
2529 
be used to hide the save object from the restricted procedure.
2530 
</dl>
2531 
 
2532 
<dl>
2533 
<dt><b><tt>-dSTRICT</tt></b>
2534 
<dd>Disables as many Ghostscript extensions as feasible, to be more helpful
2535 
in debugging applications that produce output for Adobe and other RIPs.
2536 
</dl>
2537 
 
2538 
<dl>
2539 
<dt><b><tt>-dWRITESYSTEMDICT</tt></b>
2540 
<dd>Leaves <b><tt>systemdict</tt></b> writable.  This is necessary when
2541 
running special utility programs such as <b><tt>font2c</tt></b> and
2542 
<b><tt>pcharstr</tt></b>, which must bypass normal PostScript access
2543 
protection.
2544 
</dl>
2545 
 
2546 
<hr>
2547 
 
2548 
<h2><a name="Improving_performance"></a>Improving performance</h2>
2549 
 
2550 
<p>
2551 
Ghostscript attempts to find an optimum balance between speed and memory
2552 
consumption, but there are some cases in which you may get a very large
2553 
speedup by telling Ghostscript to use more memory.
2554 
 
2555 
<ul>
2556 
 
2557 
<li>
2558 
If you are using X Windows, setting the <b><tt>-dMaxBitmap=</tt></b>
2559 
parameter described <a href="#X_device_parameters">above</a> may
2560 
dramatically improve performance on files that have a lot of bitmap images.
2561 
 
2562 
<li>
2563 
If you are using Chinese, Japanese, or other fonts with very large character
2564 
sets, adding the following sequence of switches before the first file name
2565 
may dramatically improve performance at the cost of an additional 2-3 Mb of
2566 
memory: <b><tt>-c&nbsp;3000000&nbsp;setvmthreshold&nbsp;-f</tt></b>. This
2567 
can also be useful in processing large documents when using a high-level
2568 
output device (like pdfwrite) that maintains significant internal state.
2569 
In fact, the <a href="Language.htm#.setpdfwrite"><tt>.setpdfwrite</tt></a>
2570 
operator used by the ps2pdf script and others sets a vmthreshold value of
2571 
3&nbsp;MB to account for this.
2572 
 
2573 
</ul>
2574 
 
2575 
<h2><a name="Environment_variables"></a>Summary of environment variables</h2>
2576 
 
2577 
<dl>
2578 
<dt><b><tt>GS</tt></b>, <b><tt>GSC</tt></b> (MS Windows only)
2579 
<dd>Specify the names of the Ghostscript executables.  <b><tt>GS</tt></b>
2580 
brings up a new typein window and possibly a graphics window;
2581 
<b><tt>GSC</tt></b> uses the DOS console.  If these are not set,
2582 
<b><tt>GS</tt></b> defaults to <b><tt>gswin32</tt></b>, and
2583 
<b><tt>GSC</tt></b> defaults to <b><tt>gswin32c</tt></b>.
2584 
</dl>
2585 
 
2586 
<dl>
2587 
<dt><a href="#GS_DEVICE"><b><tt>GS_DEVICE</tt></b></a>
2588 
<dd>Defines the default output device. This overrides the compiled-in default, but is overridden by any commandline setting.
2589 
</dl>
2590 
 
2591 
<dl>
2592 
<dt><a href="#Font_lookup"><b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b></a>
2593 
<dd>Specifies a list of directories to scan for fonts if a font requested
2594 
can't be found anywhere on the search path.
2595 
</dl>
2596 
 
2597 
<dl>
2598 
<dt><a href="#Finding_files"><b><tt>GS_LIB</tt></b></a>
2599 
<dd>Provides a search path for initialization files and fonts.
2600 
</dl>
2601 
 
2602 
<dl>
2603 
<dt><b><tt>GS_OPTIONS</tt></b>
2604 
<dd>Defines a list of command-line arguments to be processed before the
2605 
ones actually specified on the command line.  For example, setting
2606 
<b><tt>GS_DEVICE</tt></b> to XYZ is equivalent to setting
2607 
<b><tt>GS_OPTIONS</tt></b> to <b><tt>-sDEVICE=XYZ</tt></b>.  The contents
2608 
of <b><tt>GS_OPTIONS</tt></b> are not limited to switches; they may include
2609 
actual file names or even <a href="#Input_control">"@file" arguments</a>.
2610 
 
2611 
</dl>
2612 
 
2613 
<dl>
2614 
<dt><a href="#Temp_files"><b><tt>TEMP</tt></b>, <b><tt>TMPDIR</tt></b></a>
2615 
<dd>Defines a directory name for temporary files.  If both
2616 
<b><tt>TEMP</tt></b> and <b><tt>TMPDIR</tt></b> are defined,
2617 
<b><tt>TMPDIR</tt></b> takes precedence.
2618 
</dl>
2619 
 
2620 
<hr>
2621 
 
2622 
<h2><a name="Debugging"></a>Debugging</h2>
2623 
 
2624 
<p>
2625 
The information here describing is probably interesting only to developers.
2626 
 
2627 
<h4><a name="Debug_switches"></a>Debug switches</h4>
2628 
 
2629 
There are several debugging switches that are detected by the interpreter.
2630 
These switches are available whether or not Ghostscript was built with the
2631 
DEBUG macro defined to the compiler (refer to <a href="Make.htm#Debugging">
2632 
building a debugging configuration</a>).
2633 
 
2634 
<p>Previous to 8.10, there was a single DEBUG flag, enabled with <b><tt>-dDEBUG
2635 
</tt></b> on the command line. Now there are several debugging flags to allow
2636 
more selective debugging information to be printed containing only what is
2637 
needed to investigate particular areas. For backward compatibilty, the
2638 
<b><tt>-dDEBUG</tt></b> option will set all of the subset switches.
2639 
 
2640 
<ul>
2641 
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
2642 
  <tr><td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2643 
  <tr><td><b><tt>-dCCFONTDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>Compiled Fonts
2644 
  <tr><td><b><tt>-dCFFDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>CFF Fonts
2645 
  <tr><td><b><tt>-dCMAPDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>CMAP
2646 
  <tr><td><b><tt>-dDOCIEDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>CIE color
2647 
  <tr><td><b><tt>-dEPSDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>EPS handling
2648 
  <tr><td><b><tt>-dFAPIDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>Font API
2649 
  <tr><td><b><tt>-dINITDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>Initialization
2650 
  <tr><td><b><tt>-dPDFDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>PDF Interpreter
2651 
  <tr><td><b><tt>-dPDFOPTDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>PDF Optimizer (Linearizer)
2652 
  <tr><td><b><tt>-dPDFWRDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>PDF Writer
2653 
  <tr><td><b><tt>-dSETPDDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>setpagedevice
2654 
  <tr><td><b><tt>-dSTRESDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>Static Resources
2655 
  <tr><td><b><tt>-dTTFDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>TTF Fonts
2656 
  <tr><td><b><tt>-dVGIFDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>ViewGIF
2657 
  <tr><td><b><tt>-dVJPGDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>ViewJPEG
2658 
</table></ul>
2659 
 
2660 
<p><p>
2661 
The <b><tt>-Z</tt></b> and <b><tt>-T</tt></b> switches apply only
2662 
if the interpreter was <a href="Make.htm#Debugging">built for a debugging
2663 
configuration</a>.  In the table below, the first column is a debugging
2664 
switch, the second is an equivalent switch (if any) and the third is its
2665 
usage.
2666 
 
2667 
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
2668 
<tr><th colspan=5 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">Switches used in debugging</font><hr>
2669 
<tr>    <th align=left>Switch
2670 
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;
2671 
        <th align=left>Equivalent
2672 
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;
2673 
        <th>&nbsp;
2674 
<tr>    <td colspan=5><hr>
2675 
<tr>    <td valign=top><b><tt>-A</tt></b>
2676 
        <td>&nbsp;
2677 
        <td valign=top><b><tt>-Z@</tt></b>
2678 
        <td>&nbsp;
2679 
        <td>Fill empty storage with a distinctive bit pattern for debugging
2680 
 
2681 
<tr>    <td valign=top><b><tt>-A-</tt></b>
2682 
        <td>&nbsp;
2683 
        <td valign=top><b><tt>-Z-@</tt></b>
2684 
        <td>&nbsp;
2685 
        <td>Turn off <b><tt>-A</tt></b>
2686 
<tr>    <td valign=top><b><tt>-B</tt></b><em>size</em>
2687 
        <td>&nbsp;
2688 
        <td>&nbsp;
2689 
        <td>&nbsp;
2690 
        <td>Run all subsequent files named on the command line (except for
2691 
            <b><tt>-F</tt></b>) through the run_string interface, using a
2692 
            buffer of <em>size</em> bytes
2693 
<tr>    <td valign=top><b><tt>-B-</tt></b>
2694 
        <td>&nbsp;
2695 
        <td>&nbsp;
2696 
        <td>&nbsp;
2697 
        <td>Turn off <b><tt>-B</tt></b>: run subsequent files (except for
2698 
            <b><tt>-F</tt></b>) directly in the normal way
2699 
<tr>    <td valign=top><b><tt>-E</tt></b>
2700 
        <td>&nbsp;
2701 
        <td valign=top><b><tt>-Z#</tt></b>
2702 
        <td>&nbsp;
2703 
        <td>Turn on tracing of error returns from operators
2704 
<tr>    <td valign=top><b><tt>-E-</tt></b>
2705 
        <td>&nbsp;
2706 
        <td valign=top><b><tt>-Z-#</tt></b>
2707 
        <td>&nbsp;
2708 
        <td>Turn off <b><tt>-E</tt></b>
2709 
<tr>    <td valign=top><b><tt>-F</tt></b><em>file</em>
2710 
        <td>&nbsp;
2711 
        <td>&nbsp;
2712 
        <td>&nbsp;
2713 
        <td>Execute the file with <b><tt>-B1</tt></b> temporarily in effect
2714 
<tr>    <td valign=top><b><tt>-K</tt></b><em>n</em>
2715 
        <td>&nbsp;
2716 
        <td>&nbsp;
2717 
        <td>&nbsp;
2718 
        <td>Limit the total amount of memory that the interpreter can have
2719 
            allocated at any one time to <b><em>n</em></b>K bytes.
2720 
            <b><em>n</em></b> is a positive decimal integer.
2721 
<tr>    <td valign=top><b><tt>-M</tt></b><em>n</em>
2722 
        <td>&nbsp;
2723 
        <td>&nbsp;
2724 
        <td>&nbsp;
2725 
        <td>Force the interpreter's allocator to acquire additional memory
2726 
            in units of <b><em>n</em></b>K bytes, rather than the default
2727 
            (currently 20K on DOS systems, 50K on Unix). <b><em>n</em></b>
2728 
            is a positive decimal integer, on DOS systems no greater than
2729 
            63.
2730 
<tr>    <td valign=top><b><tt>-N</tt></b><em>n</em>
2731 
        <td>&nbsp;
2732 
        <td>&nbsp;
2733 
        <td>&nbsp;
2734 
        <td>Allocate space for <b><em>n</em></b>K names, rather than the
2735 
            default (normally 64K).  <b><em>n</em></b> may be greater than
2736 
            64 only if <b><tt>EXTEND_NAMES</tt></b> was defined when the
2737 
            interpreter was compiled .
2738 
<tr>    <td valign=top><b><tt>-Z</tt></b><em>xxx</em><br><b><tt>-Z-</tt></b><em>xxx</em>
2739 
        <td>&nbsp;
2740 
        <td>&nbsp;
2741 
        <td>&nbsp;
2742 
        <td>Turn debugging printout on (off). Each of the <em>xxx</em>
2743 
            characters selects an option.  Case is significant: "a" and
2744 
            "A" have different meanings.
2745 
 
2746 
<dl compact>
2747 
<dt><b><tt>0</tt></b><dd>garbage collector, minimal detail
2748 
<dt><b><tt>1</tt></b><dd>type 1 and type 42 font interpreter
2749 
<dt><b><tt>2</tt></b><dd>curve subdivider/rasterizer
2750 
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>3</tt></b><dd>curve subdivider/rasterizer, detail
2751 
<dt><b><tt>4</tt></b><dd>garbage collector (strings)
2752 
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>5</tt></b><dd>garbage collector (strings, detail)
2753 
<dt><b><tt>6</tt></b><dd>garbage collector (chunks, roots)
2754 
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>7</tt></b><dd>garbage collector (objects)
2755 
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>8</tt></b><dd>garbage collector (refs)
2756 
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>9</tt></b><dd>garbage collector (pointers)
2757 
<dt><b><tt>a</tt></b><dd>allocator (large blocks only)
2758 
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>A</tt></b><dd>allocator (all calls)
2759 
<dt><b><tt>b</tt></b><dd>bitmap image processor
2760 
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>B</tt></b><dd>bitmap images, detail
2761 
<dt><b><tt>c</tt></b><dd>color/halftone mapper
2762 
<dt><b><tt>d</tt></b><dd>dictionary put/undef
2763 
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>D</tt></b><dd>dictionary lookups
2764 
<dt><b><tt>e</tt></b><dd>external (OS-related) calls
2765 
<dt><b><tt>f</tt></b><dd>fill algorithm (summary)
2766 
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>F</tt></b><dd>fill algorithm (detail)
2767 
<dt><b><tt>g</tt></b><dd>gsave/grestore[all]
2768 
<dt><b><tt>h</tt></b><dd>halftone renderer
2769 
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>H</tt></b><dd>halftones, every pixel
2770 
<dt><b><tt>i</tt></b><dd>interpreter, just names
2771 
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>I</tt></b><dd>interpreter, everything
2772 
<dt><b><tt>j</tt></b><dd>(Japanese) composite fonts
2773 
<dt><b><tt>k</tt></b><dd>character cache and xfonts
2774 
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>K</tt></b><dd>character cache, every access
2775 
<dt><b><tt>l</tt></b><dd>command lists, bands
2776 
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>L</tt></b><dd>command lists, everything
2777 
<dt><b><tt>m</tt></b><dd>makefont and font cache
2778 
<dt><b><tt>n</tt></b><dd>name lookup (new names only)
2779 
<dt><b><tt>o</tt></b><dd>outliner (stroke)
2780 
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>O</tt></b><dd>stroke detail
2781 
<dt><b><tt>p</tt></b><dd>band list paths
2782 
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>P</tt></b><dd>all paths
2783 
<dt><b><tt>q</tt></b><dd>clipping
2784 
<dt><b><tt>r</tt></b><dd>arc renderer
2785 
<dt><b><tt>s</tt></b><dd>streams
2786 
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>S</tt></b><dd>scanner
2787 
<dt><b><tt>t</tt></b><dd>tiling algorithm
2788 
<dt><b><tt>u</tt></b><dd>undo saver (for save/restore), finalization
2789 
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>U</tt></b><dd>undo saver, more detail
2790 
<dt><b><tt>v</tt></b><dd>alpha/transparency
2791 
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>V</tt></b><dd>alpha/transparency, more detail
2792 
<dt><b><tt>w</tt></b><dd>compression encoder/decoder
2793 
<dt><b><tt>x</tt></b><dd>transformations
2794 
<dt><b><tt>y</tt></b><dd>Type 1 hints
2795 
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>Y</tt></b><dd>Type 1 hints, every access
2796 
<dt><b><tt>z</tt></b><dd>trapezoid fill
2797 
<dt><b><tt>#</tt></b><dd>operator error returns
2798 
<dt><b><tt>%</tt></b><dd>externally processed comments
2799 
<dt><b><tt>*</tt></b><dd>image and RasterOp parameters
2800 
<dt><b><tt>:</tt></b><dd>command list and allocator/time summary
2801 
<dt><b><tt>~</tt></b><dd>math functions and Functions
2802 
<dt><b><tt>'</tt></b><dd>contexts, create/destroy
2803 
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b><tt>"</tt></b><dd>contexts, every operation
2804 
<dt><b><tt>^</tt></b><dd>reference counting
2805 
<dt><b><tt>_</tt></b><dd>high-level output
2806 
<dt><b><tt>|</tt></b><dd>(reserved for experimental code)
2807 
</dl>
2808 
 
2809 
<p>
2810 
The following switch affects what is printed, but does not select specific
2811 
items for printing:
2812 
 
2813 
<dl compact>
2814 
<dt><b><tt>/</tt></b><dd>include file name and line number on all trace output
2815 
</dl>
2816 
 
2817 
<p>
2818 
These switches select debugging options other than what should be printed:
2819 
 
2820 
<dl compact>
2821 
<dt><b><tt>$</tt></b><dd>set unused parts of object references to
2822 
identifiable garbage values
2823 
<dt><b><tt>+</tt></b><dd>use minimum-size stack blocks
2824 
<dt><b><tt>,</tt></b><dd>don't use path-based banding
2825 
<dt><b><tt>`</tt></b><dd>don't use high-level banded images
2826 
<dt><b><tt>.</tt></b><dd>use small-memory table sizes even on large-memory
2827 
machines
2828 
<dt><b><tt>?</tt></b><dd>validate pointers before, during and after garbage
2829 
collection, also before and after save and restore; also make other
2830 
allocator validity checks
2831 
<dt><b><tt>@</tt></b><dd>fill newly allocated, garbage-collected, and freed
2832 
storage with a marker (a1, c1, and f1 respectively)
2833 
</dl>
2834 
 
2835 
<p>
2836 
<tr>    <td valign=top><b><tt>-T</tt></b><em>xxx</em><br><b><tt>-T-</tt></b><em>xxx</em>
2837 
        <td>&nbsp;
2838 
        <td>&nbsp;
2839 
        <td>&nbsp;
2840 
        <td>Turn <a href="#Visual_trace">Visual Trace</a> on (off). Each of the <em>xxx</em>
2841 
            characters selects an option.  Case is significant: "f" and
2842 
            "F" have different meanings.
2843 
 
2844 
<dl compact>
2845 
<dt><b><tt>f</tt></b><dd>the filling algorithm with characters
2846 
<dt><b><tt>F</tt></b><dd>the filling algorithm with non-character paths
2847 
<dt><b><tt>h</tt></b><dd>the Type 1 hinter
2848 
<dt><b><tt>s</tt></b><dd>the shading algorithm
2849 
<dt><b><tt>S</tt></b><dd>the stroking algorithm
2850 
</dl>
2851 
</table>
2852 
 
2853 
<h4><a name="Visual_trace"></a>Visual Trace</h4>
2854 
 
2855 
<p>
2856 
Visual Trace allows to view internal Ghostscript data in a graphical form
2857 
while execution of C code.  Special
2858 
<a href="Lib.htm#Visual_trace">instructions</a> to be inserted into
2859 
C code for generating the output. Client application
2860 
rasterizes it into a window.
2861 
 
2862 
<p>
2863 
Currently the rasterization is implemented for Windows only, in clients
2864 
gswin32.exe and gswin32c.exe. They open Visual Trace window when graphical
2865 
debug output appears, <b><tt>-T</tt></b> <a href="#Debug_switches">switch</a> is set,
2866 
and Ghostscript was <a href="Make.htm#Debugging">built</a> with DEBUG option.
2867 
There are two important incompletenesses of the implementation :
2868 
 
2869 
<p>
2870 
1. The graphical output uses a hardcoded scale. An advanced client
2871 
would provide a scale option via user interface.
2872 
 
2873 
<p>
2874 
2. Breaks are not implemented in the client. If you need a step-by-step
2875 
view, you should use an interactive C debugger to delay execution at breakpoints.
2876 
 
2877 
<p>
2878 
<hr>
2879 
 
2880 
<h2><a name="Known_paper_sizes"></a>Appendix: Paper sizes known to Ghostscript</h2>
2881 
 
2882 
<p>
2883 
The paper sizes known to Ghostscript are defined at the beginning of the
2884 
initialization file <b><tt>gs_statd.ps</tt></b>; see the comments there for
2885 
more details about the definitions. The table here lists them by name and
2886 
size.  <b><tt>gs_statd.ps</tt></b> defines their sizes exactly in points,
2887 
and the dimensions in inches (at 72 points per inch) and centimeters shown
2888 
in the table are derived from those, rounded to the nearest 0.1 unit.  A
2889 
guide to international paper sizes can be found at
2890 
 
2891 
<blockquote>
2892 
<a href="http://www.twics.com/~eds/paper/index.html">http://www.twics.com/~eds/paper/</a>
2893 
</blockquote>
2894 
 
2895 
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
2896 
<tr><th colspan=13 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">Paper sizes known to Ghostscript</font><hr>
2897 
<tr><th colspan=13>U.S. standard
2898 
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
2899 
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
2900 
        <th colspan=3>Inches
2901 
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
2902 
        <th colspan=3>mm
2903 
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
2904 
        <th colspan=3>Points
2905 
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
2906 
        <td>&nbsp;
2907 
<tr>    <th align=left>Name
2908 
        <td>&nbsp;
2909 
        <th>&nbsp;W&nbsp;
2910 
        <td>&times;
2911 
        <th>&nbsp;H&nbsp;
2912 
        <td>&nbsp;
2913 
        <th>&nbsp;W&nbsp;
2914 
        <td>&times;
2915 
        <th>&nbsp;H&nbsp;
2916 
        <td>&nbsp;
2917 
        <th>&nbsp;W&nbsp;
2918 
        <td>&times;
2919 
        <th>&nbsp;H&nbsp;
2920 
        <td>&nbsp;
2921 
        <td>&nbsp;
2922 
<tr>    <td colspan=13><hr>
2923 
<tr>    <td>11x17
2924 
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td align=right>11.0<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td align=right>17.0<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td align=right>279<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td align=right>432<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td align=right>792<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td align=right>1224<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>11&times;17in portrait
2925 
<tr>    <td>ledger
2926 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>17.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>11.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>432<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>279<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1224<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>792<td>&nbsp;<td>11&times;17in landscape
2927 
<tr>    <td>legal
2928 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>8.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>14.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>216<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>356<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>612<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1008<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2929 
<tr>    <td>letter
2930 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>8.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>11.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>216<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>279<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>612<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>792<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2931 
<tr>    <td>lettersmall
2932 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>8.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>11.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>216<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>279<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>612<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>792<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2933 
<tr>    <td>archE
2934 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>36.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>48.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>914<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1219<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2592<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>3456<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2935 
<tr>    <td>archD
2936 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>24.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>36.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>610<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>914<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1728<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2592<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2937 
<tr>    <td>archC
2938 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>18.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>24.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>457<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>610<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1296<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1728<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2939 
<tr>    <td>archB
2940 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>12.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>18.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>305<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>457<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>864<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1296<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2941 
<tr>    <td>archA
2942 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>9.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>12.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>229<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>305<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>648<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>864<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2943 
<tr>    <td colspan=13><hr>
2944 
<tr><th colspan=13>ISO standard
2945 
<tr>    <td colspan=13><hr>
2946 
<tr>    <td>a0
2947 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>33.1<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>46.8<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>841<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1189<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2384<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>3370<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2948 
<tr>    <td>a1
2949 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>23.4<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>33.1<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>594<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>841<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1684<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2384<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2950 
<tr>    <td>a2
2951 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>16.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>23.4<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>420<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>594<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1191<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1684<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2952 
<tr>    <td>a3
2953 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>11.7<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>16.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>297<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>420<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>842<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1191<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2954 
<tr>    <td>a4
2955 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>8.3<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>11.7<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>210<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>297<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>595<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>842<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2956 
<tr>    <td>a4small
2957 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>8.3<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>11.7<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>210<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>297<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>595<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>842<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2958 
<tr>    <td>a5
2959 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>5.8<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>8.3<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>148<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>210<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>420<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>595<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2960 
<tr>    <td>a6
2961 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>4.1<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>5.8<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>105<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>148<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>297<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>420<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2962 
<tr>    <td>a7
2963 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2.9<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>4.1<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>74<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>105<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>210<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>297<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2964 
<tr>    <td>a8
2965 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2.1<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2.9<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>52<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>74<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>148<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>210<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2966 
<tr>    <td>a9
2967 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2.1<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>37<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>52<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>105<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>148<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2968 
<tr>    <td>a10
2969 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>26<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>37<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>73<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>105<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2970 
<tr>    <td>isob0
2971 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>39.4<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>55.7<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1000<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1414<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2835<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>4008<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2972 
<tr>    <td>isob1
2973 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>27.8<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>39.4<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>707<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1000<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2004<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2835<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2974 
<tr>    <td>isob2
2975 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>19.7<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>27.8<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>500<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>707<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1417<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2004<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2976 
<tr>    <td>isob3
2977 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>13.9<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>19.7<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>353<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>500<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1001<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1417<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2978 
<tr>    <td>isob4
2979 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>9.8<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>13.9<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>250<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>353<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>709<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1001<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2980 
<tr>    <td>isob5
2981 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>6.9<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>9.8<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>176<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>250<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>499<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>709<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2982 
<tr>    <td>isob6
2983 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>4.9<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>6.9<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>125<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>176<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>354<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>499<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2984 
<tr>    <td>c0
2985 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>36.1<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>51.1<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>917<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1297<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2599<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>3677<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2986 
<tr>    <td>c1
2987 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>25.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>36.1<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>648<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>917<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1837<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2599<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2988 
<tr>    <td>c2
2989 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>18.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>25.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>458<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>648<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1298<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1837<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2990 
<tr>    <td>c3
2991 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>12.8<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>18.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>324<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>458<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>918<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1298<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2992 
<tr>    <td>c4
2993 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>9.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>12.8<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>229<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>324<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>649<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>918<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2994 
<tr>    <td>c5
2995 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>6.4<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>9.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>162<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>229<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>459<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>649<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2996 
<tr>    <td>c6
2997 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>4.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>6.4<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>114<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>162<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>323<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>459<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
2998 
<tr>    <td colspan=13><hr>
2999 
<tr><th colspan=13>JIS standard
3000 
<tr>    <td colspan=13><hr>
3001 
<tr>    <td>jisb0
3002 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1030<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1456<td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
3003 
<tr>    <td>jisb1
3004 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right>728<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1030<td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
3005 
<tr>    <td>jisb2
3006 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right>515<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>728<td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
3007 
<tr>    <td>jisb3
3008 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right>364<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>515<td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
3009 
<tr>    <td>jisb4
3010 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right>257<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>364<td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
3011 
<tr>    <td>jisb5
3012 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right>182<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>257<td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
3013 
<tr>    <td>jisb6
3014 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right>128<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>182<td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
3015 
<tr>    <td colspan=13><hr>
3016 
<tr><th colspan=13>ISO/JIS switchable
3017 
<tr>    <td colspan=13><hr>
3018 
<tr>    <td>b0 (see * below)
3019 
<tr>    <td>b1 (see * below)
3020 
<tr>    <td>b2 (see * below)
3021 
<tr>    <td>b3 (see * below)
3022 
<tr>    <td>b4 (see * below)
3023 
<tr>    <td>b5 (see * below)
3024 
<tr>    <td colspan=13><hr>
3025 
<tr><th colspan=13>Other
3026 
<tr>    <td colspan=13><hr>
3027 
<tr>    <td>flsa
3028 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>8.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>13.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>216<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>330<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>612<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>936<td>&nbsp;<td>U.S. foolscap
3029 
<tr>    <td>flse
3030 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>8.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>13.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>216<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>330<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>612<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>936<td>&nbsp;<td>European foolscap
3031 
<tr>    <td>halfletter
3032 
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>5.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>8.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>140<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>216<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>396<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>612<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
3033 
</table>
3034 
 
3035 
<p>
3036 
*<em>Note:</em> Initially the B paper sizes are the ISO sizes, e.g.,
3037 
<b><tt>b0</tt></b> is the same as <b><tt>isob0</tt></b>.  Running the file
3038 
<b><tt>lib/jispaper.ps</tt></b> makes the B paper sizes be the JIS sizes,
3039 
e.g., <b><tt>b0</tt></b> becomes the same as <b><tt>jisb0</tt></b>.
3040 
 
3041 
<hr>
3042 
 
3043 
<h2><a name="X_font_mappings"></a>Appendix: X default font mappings</h2>
3044 
 
3045 
<h3><a name="Standard_X_server_fonts"></a>Standard X servers</h3>
3046 
 
3047 
<h4><a name="X_regular_fonts"></a>Regular fonts</h4>
3048 
 
3049 
<pre>    AvantGarde-Book:              -Adobe-ITC Avant Garde Gothic-Book-R-Normal--\n\
3050 
    AvantGarde-BookOblique:       -Adobe-ITC Avant Garde Gothic-Book-O-Normal--\n\
3051 
    AvantGarde-Demi:              -Adobe-ITC Avant Garde Gothic-Demi-R-Normal--\n\
3052 
    AvantGarde-DemiOblique:       -Adobe-ITC Avant Garde Gothic-Demi-O-Normal--\n\
3053 
    Bookman-Demi:                 -Adobe-ITC Bookman-Demi-R-Normal--\n\
3054 
    Bookman-DemiItalic:           -Adobe-ITC Bookman-Demi-I-Normal--\n\
3055 
    Bookman-Light:                -Adobe-ITC Bookman-Light-R-Normal--\n\
3056 
    Bookman-LightItalic:          -Adobe-ITC Bookman-Light-I-Normal--\n\
3057 
    Courier:                      -Adobe-Courier-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
3058 
    Courier-Bold:                 -Adobe-Courier-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
3059 
    Courier-BoldOblique:          -Adobe-Courier-Bold-O-Normal--\n\
3060 
    Courier-Oblique:              -Adobe-Courier-Medium-O-Normal--\n\
3061 
    Helvetica:                    -Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
3062 
    Helvetica-Bold:               -Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
3063 
    Helvetica-BoldOblique:        -Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-O-Normal--\n\
3064 
    Helvetica-Narrow:             -Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-R-Narrow--\n\
3065 
    Helvetica-Narrow-Bold:        -Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Narrow--\n\
3066 
    Helvetica-Narrow-BoldOblique: -Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-O-Narrow--\n\
3067 
    Helvetica-Narrow-Oblique:     -Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-O-Narrow--\n\
3068 
    Helvetica-Oblique:            -Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-O-Normal--\n\
3069 
    NewCenturySchlbk-Bold:        -Adobe-New Century Schoolbook-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
3070 
    NewCenturySchlbk-BoldItalic:  -Adobe-New Century Schoolbook-Bold-I-Normal--\n\
3071 
    NewCenturySchlbk-Italic:      -Adobe-New Century Schoolbook-Medium-I-Normal--\n\
3072 
    NewCenturySchlbk-Roman:       -Adobe-New Century Schoolbook-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
3073 
    Palatino-Bold:                -Adobe-Palatino-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
3074 
    Palatino-BoldItalic:          -Adobe-Palatino-Bold-I-Normal--\n\
3075 
    Palatino-Italic:              -Adobe-Palatino-Medium-I-Normal--\n\
3076 
    Palatino-Roman:               -Adobe-Palatino-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
3077 
    Times-Bold:                   -Adobe-Times-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
3078 
    Times-BoldItalic:             -Adobe-Times-Bold-I-Normal--\n\
3079 
    Times-Italic:                 -Adobe-Times-Medium-I-Normal--\n\
3080 
    Times-Roman:                  -Adobe-Times-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
3081 
    ZapfChancery-MediumItalic:    -Adobe-ITC Zapf Chancery-Medium-I-Normal--
3082 
</pre>
3083 
 
3084 
<h4><a name="X_symbol_fonts"></a>Symbol fonts</h4>
3085 
 
3086 
<pre>    Symbol:                       -Adobe-Symbol-Medium-R-Normal--
3087 
</pre>
3088 
 
3089 
<h4><a name="X_dingbat_fonts"></a>Dingbat fonts</h4>
3090 
 
3091 
<pre>    ZapfDingbats:                 -Adobe-ITC Zapf Dingbats-Medium-R-Normal--
3092 
</pre>
3093 
 
3094 
<h3><a name="OpenWindows_fonts"></a>Sun OpenWindows</h3>
3095 
 
3096 
<p>
3097 
For Sun's X11/NeWS one can use the OpenWindows scalable fonts instead,
3098 
which gives good output for any point size.  In this environment, the
3099 
relevant section of the resource file should look like this:
3100 
 
3101 
<pre>Ghostscript.regularFonts: \
3102 
    AvantGarde-Book:              -itc-avantgarde-book-r-normal-- \n\
3103 
    AvantGarde-BookOblique:       -itc-avantgarde-book-o-normal-- \n\
3104 
    AvantGarde-Demi:              -itc-avantgarde-demi-r-normal-- \n\
3105 
    AvantGarde-DemiOblique:       -itc-avantgarde-demi-o-normal-- \n\
3106 
    Bembo:                        -monotype-bembo-medium-r-normal-- \n\
3107 
    Bembo-Bold:                   -monotype-bembo-bold-r-normal-- \n\
3108 
    Bembo-BoldItalic:             -monotype-bembo-bold-i-normal-- \n\
3109 
    Bembo-Italic:                 -monotype-bembo-medium-i-normal-- \n\
3110 
    Bookman-Demi:                 -itc-bookman-demi-r-normal-- \n\
3111 
    Bookman-DemiItalic:           -itc-bookman-demi-i-normal-- \n\
3112 
    Bookman-Light:                -itc-bookman-light-r-normal-- \n\
3113 
    Bookman-LightItalic:          -itc-bookman-light-i-normal-- \n\
3114 
    Courier:                      -itc-courier-medium-r-normal-- \n\
3115 
    Courier-Bold:                 -itc-courier-bold-r-normal-- \n\
3116 
    Courier-BoldOblique:          -itc-courier-bold-o-normal-- \n\
3117 
    Courier-Oblique:              -itc-courier-medium-o-normal-- \n\
3118 
    GillSans:                     -monotype-gill-medium-r-normal-sans- \n\
3119 
    GillSans-Bold:                -monotype-gill-bold-r-normal-sans- \n\
3120 
    GillSans-BoldItalic:          -monotype-gill-bold-i-normal-sans- \n\
3121 
    GillSans-Italic:              -monotype-gill-normal-i-normal-sans- \n\
3122 
    Helvetica:                    -linotype-helvetica-medium-r-normal-- \n\
3123 
    Helvetica-Bold:               -linotype-helvetica-bold-r-normal-- \n\
3124 
    Helvetica-BoldOblique:        -linotype-helvetica-bold-o-normal-- \n\
3125 
    Helvetica-Narrow:             -linotype-helvetica-medium-r-narrow-- \n\
3126 
    Helvetica-Narrow-Bold:        -linotype-helvetica-bold-r-narrow-- \n\
3127 
    Helvetica-Narrow-BoldOblique: -linotype-helvetica-bold-o-narrow-- \n\
3128 
    Helvetica-Narrow-Oblique:     -linotype-helvetica-medium-o-narrow-- \n\
3129 
    Helvetica-Oblique:            -linotype-helvetica-medium-o-normal-- \n\
3130 
    LucidaBright:                 -b&amp;h-lucidabright-medium-r-normal-- \n\
3131 
    LucidaBright-Demi:            -b&amp;h-lucidabright-demibold-r-normal-- \n\
3132 
    LucidaBright-DemiItalic:      -b&amp;h-lucidabright-demibold-i-normal-- \n\
3133 
    LucidaBright-Italic:          -b&amp;h-lucidabright-medium-i-normal-- \n\
3134 
    LucidaSans:                   -b&amp;h-lucida-medium-r-normal-sans- \n\
3135 
    LucidaSans-Bold:              -b&amp;h-lucida-bold-r-normal-sans- \n\
3136 
    LucidaSans-BoldItalic:        -b&amp;h-lucida-bold-i-normal-sans- \n\
3137 
    LucidaSans-Italic:            -b&amp;h-lucida-medium-i-normal-sans- \n\
3138 
    LucidaSans-Typewriter:        -b&amp;h-lucidatypewriter-medium-r-normal-sans- \n\
3139 
    LucidaSans-TypewriterBold:    -b&amp;h-lucidatypewriter-bold-r-normal-sans- \n\
3140 
    NewCenturySchlbk-BoldItalic:  -linotype-new century schoolbook-bold-i-normal-- \n\
3141 
    NewCenturySchlbk-Bold:        -linotype-new century schoolbook-bold-r-normal-- \n\
3142 
    NewCenturySchlbk-Italic:      -linotype-new century schoolbook-medium-i-normal-- \n\
3143 
    NewCenturySchlbk-Roman:       -linotype-new century schoolbook-medium-r-normal-- \n\
3144 
    Palatino-Bold:                -linotype-palatino-bold-r-normal-- \n\
3145 
    Palatino-BoldItalic:          -linotype-palatino-bold-i-normal-- \n\
3146 
    Palatino-Italic:              -linotype-palatino-medium-i-normal-- \n\
3147 
    Palatino-Roman:               -linotype-palatino-medium-r-normal-- \n\
3148 
    Rockwell:                     -monotype-rockwell-medium-r-normal-- \n\
3149 
    Rockwell-Bold:                -monotype-rockwell-bold-r-normal-- \n\
3150 
    Rockwell-BoldItalic:          -monotype-rockwell-bold-i-normal-- \n\
3151 
    Rockwell-Italic:              -monotype-rockwell-medium-i-normal-- \n\
3152 
    Times-Bold:                   -linotype-times-bold-r-normal-- \n\
3153 
    Times-BoldItalic:             -linotype-times-bold-i-normal-- \n\
3154 
    Times-Italic:                 -linotype-times-medium-i-normal-- \n\
3155 
    Times-Roman:                  -linotype-times-medium-r-normal-- \n\
3156 
    Utopia-Bold:                  -adobe-utopia-bold-r-normal-- \n\
3157 
    Utopia-BoldItalic:            -adobe-utopia-bold-i-normal-- \n\
3158 
    Utopia-Italic:                -adobe-utopia-regular-i-normal-- \n\
3159 
    Utopia-Regular:               -adobe-utopia-regular-r-normal-- \n\
3160 
    ZapfChancery-MediumItalic:    -itc-zapfchancery-medium-i-normal-- \n
3161 
Ghostscript.dingbatFonts: \
3162 
    ZapfDingbats:                 -itc-zapfdingbats-medium-r-normal--
3163 
Ghostscript.symbolFonts: \
3164 
    Symbol:                       --symbol-medium-r-normal--
3165 
</pre>
3166 
 
3167 
 
3168 
<h2><a name="FAPI_run"></a>Running Ghostscript with 3d party font renderers</h2>
3169 
 
3170 
<p>
3171 
Font API (FAPI) is a new feature which allows to attach 3d party font renderers to Ghostscript.
3172 
This section explains how to run Ghostscript with 3d party font renderers,
3173 
such as Agfa UFST or Free Type.
3174 
 
3175 
<p>
3176 
<em>Note: To run Ghostscript with Agfa UFST you need a license from Agfa.
3177 
Please ignore issues about UFST if you haven't got it.
3178 
</em>
3179 
 
3180 
<p>
3181 
<em>
3182 
Important note: Third-party font renderers are incompatible
3183 
with devices that can embed fonts in their output (such as pdfwrite),
3184 
because such renderers store fonts in a form from which Ghostscript cannot
3185 
get the necessary information for embedding.  Ghostscript disables such
3186 
renderers when such device is being used.  In particular, UFST and Free Type are
3187 
disabled while running Ghostscript with the <b><tt>pdfwrite</tt></b>
3188 
device.
3189 
</em>
3190 
 
3191 
<p>
3192 
To run Ghostscript with Free Type, you first need to build Ghostscript
3193 
with the Free Type bridge. Refer <a href="Make.htm#FT_build">How to build Ghostscript with Free Type</a>.
3194 
<p>
3195 
To run Ghostscript with UFST, you first need to build Ghostscript
3196 
with the UFST bridge. Refer <a href="Make.htm#UFST_build">How to build Ghostscript with UFST</a>.
3197 
Both bridges may run together.
3198 
<p>
3199 
 
3200 
<p>
3201 
Then you need to obtain the Decoding resources from Artifex Software Inc. and install them with Ghostscript.
3202 
Just copy the files to the <b><tt>Resource/Decoding</tt></b> directory (or to the subdirectory
3203 
<b><tt>Decoding</tt></b> of a directory, which is specified in <b><tt>GenericResourcePath</tt></b>).
3204 
 
3205 
 
3206 
<p>
3207 
There are 2 ways to handle fonts with a 3d party font renderer (FAPI). First, you can substitute
3208 
any FAPI-handled font to a PostScript font, using special map files.
3209 
Second, you can redirect PostScript fonts to FAPI, setting
3210 
entries in <b><tt>lib/FAPIconfig</tt></b> file.
3211 
 
3212 
<p>
3213 
The file <b><tt>lib/FAPIfontmap</tt></b> defines a map table for FAPI-handled fonts.
3214 
The format of <b><tt>lib/FAPIfontmap</tt></b> is explained below.
3215 
 
3216 
<p>
3217 
Font files being handled with FAPI may reside in any directory in your hard disk.
3218 
Paths to them to be specified in <b><tt>lib/FAPIfontmap</tt></b>. The path may be either
3219 
absolute or relative. Relative ones are being resolved from the path,
3220 
which is specified in <b><tt>lib/FAPIconfig</tt></b> file.
3221 
 
3222 
<p>
3223 
The file <b><tt>lib/FAPIfontmap</tt></b> is actually special PostScript code.
3224 
It contains records for each font being rendered with FAPI.
3225 
Records must end with semicolon. Each record is a pair.
3226 
The first element of the pair is the font name (the name that PostScript
3227 
documents use to access the font, which may differ
3228 
from real name of the font which the font file defines).
3229 
The second element is a dictionary with entries :
3230 
 
3231 
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=10>
3232 
 
3233 
<tr>    <th>Key
3234 
        <th>Type
3235 
        <th>Description
3236 
<tr>    <td>Path
3237 
        <td>string
3238 
        <td>Absolute path to font file, or relative path to font file from the FontPath value,
3239 
            being specified in <b><tt>lib/FAPIconfig</tt></b>.
3240 
<tr>    <td>FontType
3241 
        <td>interger
3242 
        <td>PostScript type for this font. Only 1 and 42 are currently allowed.
3243 
            Note that this is unrelated to the real type of the font file -
3244 
            the bridge will perform a format conversion.
3245 
<tr>    <td>FAPI
3246 
        <td>name
3247 
        <td>Name of the renderer to be used with the font.
3248 
            Only <b><tt>/AgfaUFST</tt></b> and <b><tt>/FreeType</tt></b> are now allowed.
3249 
<tr>    <td>SubfontId
3250 
        <td>integer
3251 
        <td>(optional) Index of the font in font collection, such as FCO or TTC.
3252 
            It is being ignored if Path doesn't specify a collection.
3253 
            Note that Free Type can't handle FCO.
3254 
            Default value is 0.
3255 
<tr>    <td>Decoding
3256 
        <td>name
3257 
        <td>(optional) The name of a Decoding resource to be used with the font.
3258 
            If specified, <b><tt>lib/xlatmap</tt></b> (see below) doesn't work for this font.
3259 
</table>
3260 
 
3261 
<p>
3262 
Example of FAPI font map record :
3263 
<blockquote>
3264 
<b><tt>
3265 
/FCO1        &lt&lt /Path (/AFPL/Agfa/fontdata/MTFONTS/PCLPS3/MT1/PCLP3__F.fco) /FontType 1 /FAPI /AgfaUFST &gt&gt ;
3266 
</tt></b>
3267 
</blockquote>
3268 
 
3269 
<p>
3270 
Note that <b><tt>lib/FAPIfontmap</tt></b> specifies only instances of
3271 
Font category. CID fonts to be listed in another map file.
3272 
 
3273 
<p>
3274 
The file <b><tt>lib/FAPIcidfmap</tt></b> defines a mapping table for
3275 
CIDFont resources. It contains records for each CID font being rendered with FAPI.
3276 
The format is similar to <b><tt>lib/FAPIfontmap</tt></b>,
3277 
but dictionaries must contain few different entries :
3278 
 
3279 
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=10>
3280 
 
3281 
<tr>    <th>Key
3282 
        <th>Type
3283 
        <th>Description
3284 
<tr>    <td>Path
3285 
        <td>string
3286 
        <td>Absolute path to font file, or relative path to font file from the CIDFontPath value,
3287 
            being specified in <b><tt>lib/FAPIconfig</tt></b>.
3288 
<tr>    <td>CIDFontType
3289 
        <td>interger
3290 
        <td>PostScript type for this CID font. Only 0, 1 and 2 are currently allowed.
3291 
            Note that this is unrelated to the real type of the font file -
3292 
            the bridge will perform format conversion.
3293 
<tr>    <td>FAPI
3294 
        <td>name
3295 
        <td>Name of the renderer to be used with the font.
3296 
            Only <b><tt>/AgfaUFST</tt></b> and <b><tt>/FreeType</tt></b> are now allowed.
3297 
<tr>    <td>SubfontId
3298 
        <td>integer
3299 
        <td>(optional) Index of the font in font collection, such as FCO or TTC.
3300 
            It is being ignored if Path doesn't specify a collection.
3301 
            Default value is 0.
3302 
<tr>    <td>CSI
3303 
        <td>array of 2 elements
3304 
        <td>(required) Information for building <b><tt>CIDSystemInfo</tt></b>.
3305 
            The first element is a string, which specifies <b><tt>Ordering</tt></b>.
3306 
            The second element is a number, which specifies <b><tt>Supplement</tt></b>.
3307 
</table>
3308 
 
3309 
<p>
3310 
Example of FAPI CID font map record :
3311 
<blockquote>
3312 
<b><tt>
3313 
/HeiseiKakuGo-W5  &lt&lt /Path (/WIN2000/Fonts/PMINGLIU.TTF) /CIDFontType 0 /FAPI /AgfaUFST /CSI [(Japan1) 2] &gt&gt ;
3314 
</tt></b>
3315 
</blockquote>
3316 
 
3317 
 
3318 
 
3319 
 
3320 
<p>
3321 
The control file <b><tt>lib/FAPIconfig</tt></b> defines 4 entries :
3322 
 
3323 
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=10>
3324 
<tr>    <th>Key
3325 
        <th>Type
3326 
        <th>Description
3327 
<tr>    <td>FontPath
3328 
        <td>string
3329 
        <td>Absolute path to a directory, which contains fonts. Used to resolve
3330 
            relative paths in <b><tt>lib/FAPIfontmap</tt></b>.
3331 
<tr>    <td>CIDFontPath
3332 
        <td>string
3333 
        <td>Absolute path to a directory, which contains fonts to substitute to CID fonts.
3334 
            Used to resolve relative paths in <b><tt>lib/FAPIcidfmap</tt></b>.
3335 
            It may be same or different than FontPath.
3336 
<tr>    <td>HookDiskFonts
3337 
        <td>array of integers.
3338 
        <td>List of PS font types to be handled with FAPI.
3339 
            This controls other fonts that ones listed in <b><tt>lib/FAPIfontmap</tt></b>
3340 
            and <b><tt>lib/FAPIcidfmap</tt></b> - such ones are PS fonts installed to
3341 
            Ghostscript with <b><tt>lib/fontmap</tt></b> or with <b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b>,
3342 
            or regular CID font resources. Unlisted font types will be
3343 
            rendered with the native Ghostscript font renderer.
3344 
            Only allowed values now are 1,9,11,42. Note that 9 and 11
3345 
            correspond to CIDFontType 0 and 2.
3346 
<tr>    <td>HookEmbeddedFonts
3347 
        <td>array of integers.
3348 
        <td>List of PS font types to be handled with FAPI.
3349 
            This controls fonts being embedded into a document -
3350 
            either fonts or CID font resources. Unlisted font types will be
3351 
            rendered with the native Ghostscript font renderer.
3352 
            Only allowed values now are 1,9,11,42. Note that 9 and 11
3353 
            correspond to CIDFontType 0 and 2.
3354 
 
3355 
</table>
3356 
 
3357 
<p>
3358 
You may need to customize the file <b><tt>lib/xlatmap</tt></b>. Follow instructions in it.
3359 
 
3360 
<p>
3361 
Note that UFST and Free Type cannot handle some Ghostscript fonts because
3362 
they does not include a PostScript interpreter and therefore has stronger restrictions on
3363 
font formats than Ghostscript itself does.
3364 
If their font types are listed in HookDiskFonts or in HookEmbeddedFonts,
3365 
Ghostscript interpret them as PS files, then serializes font data into a RAM buffer and
3366 
passes it to FAPI as PCLEOs.
3367 
 
3368 
<p>
3369 
 
3370 
 
3371 
 
3372 
<!-- [2.0 end contents] ==================================================== -->
3373 
 
3374 
<!-- [3.0 begin visible trailer] =========================================== -->
3375 
<hr>
3376 
 
3377 
<p>
3378 
<small>Copyright &copy; 1996-2002 artofcode LLC. All rights reserved.</small>
3379 
 
3380 
<p>
3381 
This software is provided AS-IS with no warranty, either express or
3382 
implied.
3383 
 
3384 
This software is distributed under license and may not be copied,
3385 
modified or distributed except as expressly authorized under the terms
3386 
of the license contained in the file LICENSE in this distribution.
3387 
 
3388 
For more information about licensing, please refer to
3389 
http://www.ghostscript.com/licensing/. For information on
3390 
commercial licensing, go to http://www.artifex.com/licensing/ or
3391 
contact Artifex Software, Inc., 101 Lucas Valley Road #110,
3392 
San Rafael, CA  94903, U.S.A., +1(415)492-9861.
3393 
 
3394 
<p>
3395 
<small>Ghostscript version 8.53, 20 October 2005
3396 
 
3397 
<!-- [3.0 end visible trailer] ============================================= -->
3398 
 
3399 
</small></h3></body>
3400 
</html>